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<title>Circulatory system</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Circulatory system</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span>For other uses, see <a href="Circulatory_system_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Circulatory system (disambiguation)">Circulatory system (disambiguation)</a>.</span> <span>Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="Bloodstream_(song)" title="Bloodstream (song)">Bloodstream (song)</a> and <a href="Cardio-Vascular_(album)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardio-Vascular (album)">Cardio-Vascular (album)</a>.</span></div>

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</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:dimgray; color: white">Circulatory system</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="infobox-caption">The human circulatory system (simplified). Red indicates <a href="Oxygenated_blood" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxygenated blood">oxygenated blood</a> carried in <a href="Artery" title="Artery">arteries</a>. Blue indicates <a href="Deoxygenated_blood" class="mw-redirect" title="Deoxygenated blood">deoxygenated blood</a> carried in <a href="Vein" title="Vein">veins</a>. <a href="Capillary" title="Capillary">Capillaries</a> join the arteries and veins.</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D002319">D002319</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="Foundational_Model_of_Anatomy" title="Foundational Model of Anatomy">FMA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FMA/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.org%2Fsig%2Font%2Ffma%2Ffma7161">7161</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><a href="Anatomical_terminology" title="Anatomical terminology">Anatomical terminology</a><div style="text-align: right;"></div></td></tr></tbody></table>

<p>In <a href="Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrates</a>, the <b>circulatory system</b> is a <a href="Organ_system" title="Organ system">system of organs</a> that includes the <a href="Heart" title="Heart">heart</a>, <a href="Blood_vessel" title="Blood vessel">blood vessels</a>, and <a href="Blood" title="Blood">blood</a> which is circulated throughout the body.<sup id="cite_ref-Hall_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hall-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Saladin2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saladin2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It includes the <b>cardiovascular system</b>, or <b>vascular system</b>, that consists of the heart and blood vessels (from Greek <span title="Greek-language text"><i lang="el">kardia</i></span> meaning <i>heart</i>, and Latin <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">vascula</i></span> meaning <i>vessels</i>). The circulatory system has two divisions, a <a href="Systemic_circulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Systemic circulation">systemic circulation or circuit</a>, and a <a href="Pulmonary_circulation" title="Pulmonary circulation">pulmonary circulation or circuit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Saladin3_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saladin3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some sources use the terms <i>cardiovascular system</i> and <i>vascular system</i> interchangeably with <i>circulatory system</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-ncbibooks_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ncbibooks-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The network of blood vessels are the <a href="Great_vessels" title="Great vessels">great vessels</a> of the heart including large <a href="Elastic_arteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Elastic arteries">elastic arteries</a>, and large <a href="Vein" title="Vein">veins</a>; other arteries, smaller <a href="Arteriole" title="Arteriole">arterioles</a>, <a href="Capillaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Capillaries">capillaries</a> that join with <a href="Venule" title="Venule">venules</a> (small veins), and other veins. The <a href="Closed_circulatory_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Closed circulatory system">circulatory system is closed</a> in vertebrates, which means that the blood never leaves the network of blood vessels. Many <a href="Invertebrate" title="Invertebrate">invertebrates</a> such as <a href="Arthropod" title="Arthropod">arthropods</a> have an <a href="Open_circulatory_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Open circulatory system">open circulatory system</a> with a heart that pumps a hemolymph which returns via the body cavity rather than via blood vessels. <a href="Diploblast" class="mw-redirect" title="Diploblast">Diploblasts</a> such as <a href="Sponges" class="mw-redirect" title="Sponges">sponges</a> and <a href="Comb_jellies" class="mw-redirect" title="Comb jellies">comb jellies</a> lack a circulatory system.

</p><p>Blood is a <a href="Body_fluid" title="Body fluid">fluid</a> consisting of <a href="Blood_plasma" title="Blood plasma">plasma</a>, <a href="Red_blood_cell" title="Red blood cell">red blood cells</a>, <a href="White_blood_cell" title="White blood cell">white blood cells</a>, and <a href="Platelets" class="mw-redirect" title="Platelets">platelets</a>; it is circulated around the body carrying <a href="Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> and <a href="Nutrient" title="Nutrient">nutrients</a> to the tissues and collecting and disposing of <a href="Metabolic_waste" title="Metabolic waste">waste materials</a>. Circulated nutrients include <a href="Protein_(nutrient)" title="Protein (nutrient)">proteins</a> and <a href="Mineral_(nutrient)" title="Mineral (nutrient)">minerals</a> and other components include <a href="Hemoglobin" title="Hemoglobin">hemoglobin</a>, <a href="Hormone" title="Hormone">hormones</a>, and <a href="Gas" title="Gas">gases</a> such as oxygen and <a href="Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>. These substances provide nourishment, help the <a href="Immune_system" title="Immune system">immune system</a> to fight <a href="Diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Diseases">diseases</a>, and help maintain <a href="Homeostasis" title="Homeostasis">homeostasis</a> by <a href="Thermoregulation" title="Thermoregulation">stabilizing temperature</a> and <a href="PH#pH_of_various_body_fluids" title="PH">natural pH</a>.

</p><p>In vertebrates, the <a href="Lymphatic_system" title="Lymphatic system">lymphatic system</a> is complementary to the circulatory system. The lymphatic system carries excess plasma (<a href="Capillary_filtration" class="mw-redirect" title="Capillary filtration">filtered</a> from the circulatory system <a href="Capillaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Capillaries">capillaries</a> as <a href="Interstitial_fluid" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstitial fluid">interstitial fluid</a> between cells) away from the body tissues via accessory routes that return excess fluid back to blood circulation as <a href="Lymph" title="Lymph">lymph</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sherwood,_Lauralee_2011_401_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sherwood,_Lauralee_2011_401-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lymphatic system is a subsystem that is essential for the functioning of the blood circulatory system; without it the blood would become depleted of fluid.

</p><p>The lymphatic system also works with the immune system.<sup id="cite_ref-Saladin4_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saladin4-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The circulation of lymph takes much longer than that of blood<sup id="cite_ref-CRU_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRU-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, unlike the closed (blood) circulatory system, the lymphatic system is an open system. Some sources describe it as a <i>secondary circulatory system</i>.

</p><p>The circulatory system can be affected by many <a href="Cardiovascular_disease" title="Cardiovascular disease">cardiovascular diseases</a>. <a href="Cardiologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiologist">Cardiologists</a> are medical professionals which specialise in the heart, and <a href="Cardiothoracic_surgeon" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiothoracic surgeon">cardiothoracic surgeons</a> specialise in operating on the heart and its surrounding areas. <a href="Vascular_surgeon" class="mw-redirect" title="Vascular surgeon">Vascular surgeons</a> focus on disorders of the blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2></div>

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<p>The circulatory system includes the <a href="Heart" title="Heart">heart</a>, <a href="Blood_vessel" title="Blood vessel">blood vessels</a>, and <a href="Blood" title="Blood">blood</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Saladin2_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saladin2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <b>cardiovascular system</b> in all vertebrates, consists of the heart and blood vessels. The circulatory system is further divided into two major circuits – a <a href="Pulmonary_circulation" title="Pulmonary circulation">pulmonary circulation</a>, and a <a href="Systemic_circulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Systemic circulation">systemic circulation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hall_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hall-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Saladin3_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saladin3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pulmonary circulation is a circuit loop from the <a href="Right_heart" class="mw-redirect" title="Right heart">right heart</a> taking deoxygenated blood to the <a href="Lung" title="Lung">lungs</a> where it is oxygenated and returned to the <a href="Left_heart" class="mw-redirect" title="Left heart">left heart</a>. The systemic circulation is a circuit loop that delivers oxygenated blood from the left heart to the rest of the body, and returns deoxygenated blood back to the right heart via <a href="Great_vessels" title="Great vessels">large veins</a> known as the <a href="Venae_cavae" title="Venae cavae">venae cavae</a>. The systemic circulation can also be defined as two parts – a <i>macrocirculation</i> and a <i><a href="Microcirculation" title="Microcirculation">microcirculation</a></i>. An average adult contains five to six quarts (roughly 4.7 to 5.7 liters) of blood, accounting for approximately 7% of their total body weight.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Blood consists of <a href="Blood_plasma" title="Blood plasma">plasma</a>, <a href="Red_blood_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Red blood cells">red blood cells</a>, <a href="White_blood_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="White blood cells">white blood cells</a>, and <a href="Platelets" class="mw-redirect" title="Platelets">platelets</a>. The <a href="Digestive_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Digestive system">digestive system</a> also works with the circulatory system to provide the nutrients the system needs to keep the <a href="Heart" title="Heart">heart</a> pumping.<sup id="cite_ref-Guyton_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guyton-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Further circulatory routes are associated, such as the <a href="Coronary_circulation" title="Coronary circulation">coronary circulation</a> to the heart itself, the <a href="Cerebral_circulation" title="Cerebral circulation">cerebral circulation</a> to the <a href="Brain" title="Brain">brain</a>, <a href="Renal_circulation" title="Renal circulation">renal circulation</a> to the <a href="Kidney" title="Kidney">kidneys</a>, and <a href="Bronchial_circulation" title="Bronchial circulation">bronchial circulation</a> to the <a href="Bronchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronchi">bronchi</a> in the lungs.

The human circulatory system is <a href="Closed_circulatory_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Closed circulatory system">closed</a>, meaning that the blood is contained within the <a href="Blood_vessels" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood vessels">vascular network</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lawton_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lawton-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nutrients travel through tiny blood vessels of the microcirculation to reach organs.<sup id="cite_ref-Lawton_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lawton-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="Lymphatic_system" title="Lymphatic system">lymphatic system</a> is an essential subsystem of the circulatory system consisting of a network of <a href="Lymphatic_vessel" title="Lymphatic vessel">lymphatic vessels</a>, <a href="Lymph_nodes" class="mw-redirect" title="Lymph nodes">lymph nodes</a>, <a href="Lymphatic_organs" class="mw-redirect" title="Lymphatic organs">organs</a>, <a href="Lymphatic_tissues" class="mw-redirect" title="Lymphatic tissues">tissues</a> and circulating <a href="Lymph" title="Lymph">lymph</a>. This subsystem is an <a href="Open_circulatory_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Open circulatory system">open system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gartner_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gartner-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A major function is to carry the lymph, draining and returning <a href="Interstitial_fluid" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstitial fluid">interstitial fluid</a> into the <a href="Lymphatic_duct" class="mw-redirect" title="Lymphatic duct">lymphatic ducts</a> back to the heart for return to the circulatory system. Another <a href="Lymphatic_system#Function" title="Lymphatic system">major function</a> is working together with the <a href="Immune_system" title="Immune system">immune system</a> to provide defense against <a href="Pathogen" title="Pathogen">pathogens</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Alberts_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alberts-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heart">Heart</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Heart" title="Heart">Heart</a></div>

<p>The heart pumps blood to all parts of the body providing <a href="Nutrient" title="Nutrient">nutrients</a> and <a href="Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> to every <a href="Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cell</a>, and removing waste products. The left heart pumps oxygenated blood returned from the lungs to the rest of the body in the <a href="Systemic_circulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Systemic circulation">systemic circulation</a>. The right heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs in the <a href="Pulmonary_circulation" title="Pulmonary circulation">pulmonary circulation</a>. In the human heart there is one <a href="Atrium_(heart)" title="Atrium (heart)">atrium</a> and one <a href="Ventricle_(heart)" title="Ventricle (heart)">ventricle</a> for each circulation, and with both a systemic and a pulmonary circulation there are four chambers in total: <a href="Left_atrium" class="mw-redirect" title="Left atrium">left atrium</a>, <a href="Left_ventricle" class="mw-redirect" title="Left ventricle">left ventricle</a>, <a href="Right_atrium" class="mw-redirect" title="Right atrium">right atrium</a> and <a href="Right_ventricle" class="mw-redirect" title="Right ventricle">right ventricle</a>. The right atrium is the upper chamber of the right side of the heart. The blood that is returned to the right atrium is deoxygenated (poor in oxygen) and passed into the right ventricle to be pumped through the pulmonary artery to the lungs for re-oxygenation and removal of carbon dioxide. The left atrium receives newly oxygenated blood from the lungs as well as the pulmonary vein which is passed into the strong left ventricle to be pumped through the aorta to the different organs of the body.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pulmonary_circulation">Pulmonary circulation</h4></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Pulmonary_circulation" title="Pulmonary circulation">Pulmonary circulation</a></div>

<p>The pulmonary circulation is the part of the circulatory system in which <a href="Deoxygenated_blood" class="mw-redirect" title="Deoxygenated blood">oxygen-depleted blood</a> is pumped away from the heart, via the <a href="Pulmonary_artery" title="Pulmonary artery">pulmonary artery</a>, to the <a href="Lungs" class="mw-redirect" title="Lungs">lungs</a> and returned, oxygenated, to the heart via the <a href="Pulmonary_vein" title="Pulmonary vein">pulmonary vein</a>.

</p><p>Oxygen-deprived blood from the superior and inferior <a href="Vena_cava" class="mw-redirect" title="Vena cava">vena cava</a> enters the right atrium of the heart and flows through the <a href="Tricuspid_valve" title="Tricuspid valve">tricuspid valve</a> (right atrioventricular valve) into the right ventricle, from which it is then pumped through the <a href="Pulmonary_semilunar_valve" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulmonary semilunar valve">pulmonary semilunar valve</a> into the pulmonary artery to the lungs. <a href="Gas_exchange" title="Gas exchange">Gas exchange</a> occurs in the lungs, whereby <a href="Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub></a> is released from the blood, and oxygen is absorbed. The pulmonary vein returns the now oxygen-rich blood to the <a href="Left_atrium" class="mw-redirect" title="Left atrium">left atrium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Guyton_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guyton-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>A separate circuit from the systemic circulation, the <a href="Bronchial_circulation" title="Bronchial circulation">bronchial circulation</a> supplies blood to the tissue of the larger airways of the lung.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Systemic_circulation">Systemic circulation</h4></div>

<p>The systemic circulation is a circuit loop that delivers oxygenated blood from the left heart to the rest of the body through the <a href="Aorta" title="Aorta">aorta</a>. Deoxygenated blood is returned in the systemic circulation to the right heart via two large veins, the <a href="Inferior_vena_cava" title="Inferior vena cava">inferior vena cava</a> and <a href="Superior_vena_cava" title="Superior vena cava">superior vena cava</a>, where it is pumped from the right atrium into the pulmonary circulation for oxygenation. The systemic circulation can also be defined as having two parts – a macrocirculation and a <a href="Microcirculation" title="Microcirculation">microcirculation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Guyton_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guyton-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Blood_vessels">Blood vessels</h3></div>

<p>The <a href="Blood_vessel" title="Blood vessel">blood vessels</a> of the circulatory system are the <a href="Arteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Arteries">arteries</a>, <a href="Veins" class="mw-redirect" title="Veins">veins</a>, and <a href="Capillaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Capillaries">capillaries</a>. The large arteries and veins that take blood to, and away from the heart are known as the <a href="Great_vessels" title="Great vessels">great vessels</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gray's_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gray's-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Arteries">Arteries</h4></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Artery" title="Artery">Artery</a></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Arterial_tree" title="Arterial tree">Arterial tree</a></div>

<p>Oxygenated blood enters the systemic circulation when leaving the left ventricle, via the <a href="Aortic_valve" title="Aortic valve">aortic semilunar valve</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Iaizzo_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iaizzo-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first part of the systemic circulation is the aorta, a massive and thick-walled artery. The aorta arches and gives branches supplying the upper part of the body after passing through the aortic opening of the diaphragm at the level of thoracic ten vertebra, it enters the abdomen.<sup id="cite_ref-Iaizzo_two_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iaizzo_two-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, it descends down and supplies branches to abdomen, pelvis, perineum and the lower limbs.<sup id="cite_ref-Iaizzo_three_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iaizzo_three-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The walls of the aorta are elastic. This elasticity helps to maintain the <a href="Blood_pressure" title="Blood pressure">blood pressure</a> throughout the body.<sup id="cite_ref-Vaz_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vaz-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the aorta receives almost five litres of blood from the heart, it recoils and is responsible for pulsating blood pressure. As the aorta branches into smaller arteries, their elasticity goes on decreasing and their compliance goes on increasing.<sup id="cite_ref-Vaz_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vaz-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Capillaries">Capillaries</h4></div>

<p>Arteries branch into small passages called <a href="Arteriole" title="Arteriole">arterioles</a> and then into the <a href="Capillary" title="Capillary">capillaries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The capillaries merge to bring blood into the venous system.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The total length of muscle capillaries in a 70 kg human is estimated to be between 9,000 and 19,000 km.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Veins">Veins</h4></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Vein" title="Vein">Vein</a></div>

<p>Capillaries merge into <a href="Venule" title="Venule">venules</a>, which merge into veins.<sup id="cite_ref-Mcconnell_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mcconnell-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="Venous_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Venous system">venous system</a> feeds into the two major veins: the superior vena cava – which mainly drains tissues above the heart – and the inferior vena cava – which mainly drains tissues below the heart. These two large veins empty into the right atrium of the heart.<sup id="cite_ref-Floyd_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Floyd-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Portal_veins">Portal veins</h4></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Portal_venous_system" title="Portal venous system">Portal venous system</a></div>

<p>The general rule is that arteries from the heart branch out into capillaries, which collect into veins leading back to the heart. <a href="Portal_venous_system" title="Portal venous system">Portal veins</a> are a slight exception to this. In humans, the only significant example is the <a href="Hepatic_portal_vein" class="mw-redirect" title="Hepatic portal vein">hepatic portal vein</a> which combines from capillaries around the <a href="Gastrointestinal_tract" title="Gastrointestinal tract">gastrointestinal tract</a> where the blood absorbs the various products of digestion; rather than leading directly back to the heart, the hepatic portal vein branches into a second capillary system in the <a href="Liver" title="Liver">liver</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Coronary_circulation">Coronary circulation</h4></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Coronary_circulation" title="Coronary circulation">Coronary circulation</a></div>

<p>The heart itself is supplied with oxygen and nutrients through a small "loop" of the systemic circulation and derives very little from the blood contained within the four chambers.

The coronary circulation system provides a blood supply to the <a href="Myocardium" class="mw-redirect" title="Myocardium">heart muscle</a> itself. The coronary circulation begins near the origin of the aorta by two <a href="Coronary_arteries" title="Coronary arteries">coronary arteries</a>: the <a href="Right_coronary_artery" title="Right coronary artery">right coronary artery</a> and the <a href="Left_coronary_artery" title="Left coronary artery">left coronary artery</a>. After nourishing the heart muscle, blood returns through the coronary veins into the <a href="Coronary_sinus" title="Coronary sinus">coronary sinus</a> and from this one into the right atrium. Backflow of blood through its opening during <a href="Atrial_systole" class="mw-redirect" title="Atrial systole">atrial systole</a> is prevented by the <a href="Thebesian_valve" class="mw-redirect" title="Thebesian valve">Thebesian valve</a>. The <a href="Smallest_cardiac_veins" title="Smallest cardiac veins">smallest cardiac veins</a> drain directly into the heart chambers.<sup id="cite_ref-Guyton_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guyton-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cerebral_circulation">Cerebral circulation</h4></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Cerebral_circulation" title="Cerebral circulation">Cerebral circulation</a></div>

<p>The brain has a dual blood supply, an <i>anterior</i> and a <i>posterior circulation</i> from arteries at its front and back. The anterior circulation arises from the <a href="Internal_carotid_artery" title="Internal carotid artery">internal carotid arteries</a> to supply the front of the brain. The posterior circulation arises from the <a href="Vertebral_artery" title="Vertebral artery">vertebral arteries</a>, to supply the back of the brain and <a href="Brainstem" title="Brainstem">brainstem</a>. The circulation from the front and the back join (<a href="Anastomise" class="mw-redirect" title="Anastomise">anastomise</a>) at the <a href="Circle_of_Willis" title="Circle of Willis">circle of Willis</a>. The <a href="Neurovascular_unit" title="Neurovascular unit">neurovascular unit</a>, composed of various cells and vasculature channels within the brain, regulates the flow of blood to activated neurons in order to satisfy their high energy demands.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Renal_circulation">Renal circulation</h4></div>

<p>The <a href="Renal_circulation" title="Renal circulation">renal circulation</a> is the blood supply to the <a href="Kidney" title="Kidney">kidneys</a>, contains many specialized blood vessels and receives around 20% of the cardiac output. It branches from the <a href="Abdominal_aorta" title="Abdominal aorta">abdominal aorta</a> and returns blood to the ascending <a href="Inferior_vena_cava" title="Inferior vena cava">inferior vena cava</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development">Development</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="Heart_development" title="Heart development">Heart development</a>, <a href="Vasculogenesis" title="Vasculogenesis">Vasculogenesis</a>, <a href="Vascular_remodelling_in_the_embryo" title="Vascular remodelling in the embryo">Vascular remodelling in the embryo</a>, and <a href="Fetal_circulation" title="Fetal circulation">Fetal circulation</a></div>

<p>The development of the circulatory system starts with <a href="Vasculogenesis" title="Vasculogenesis">vasculogenesis</a> in the <a href="Embryo" title="Embryo">embryo</a>. The human arterial and venous systems develop from different areas in the embryo. The arterial system develops mainly from the <a href="Aortic_arches" title="Aortic arches">aortic arches</a>, six pairs of arches that develop on the upper part of the embryo. The venous system arises from three bilateral veins during weeks 4 – 8 of <a href="Human_embryogenesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Human embryogenesis">embryogenesis</a>. <a href="Fetal_circulation" title="Fetal circulation">Fetal circulation</a> begins within the 8th week of development. Fetal circulation does not include the lungs, which are bypassed via the <a href="Truncus_arteriosus" title="Truncus arteriosus">truncus arteriosus</a>. Before birth the <a href="Fetus" title="Fetus">fetus</a> obtains <a href="Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> (and <a href="Nutrient" title="Nutrient">nutrients</a>) from the mother through the <a href="Placenta" title="Placenta">placenta</a> and the <a href="Umbilical_cord" title="Umbilical cord">umbilical cord</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Whitaker_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whitaker-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arteries_2">Arteries</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Aortic_arches" title="Aortic arches">Aortic arches</a></div>

<p>The human arterial system originates from the <a href="Aortic_arches" title="Aortic arches">aortic arches</a> and from the <a href="Dorsal_aortae" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorsal aortae">dorsal aortae</a> starting from week 4 of embryonic life. The first and second aortic arches regress and form only the <a href="Maxillary_artery" title="Maxillary artery">maxillary arteries</a> and <a href="Stapedial_artery" class="mw-redirect" title="Stapedial artery">stapedial arteries</a> respectively. The arterial system itself arises from aortic arches 3, 4 and 6 (aortic arch 5 completely regresses).

</p><p>The dorsal aortae, present on the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/dorsal" class="extiw external" title="wikt:dorsal">dorsal</a> side of the embryo, are initially present on both sides of the embryo. They later fuse to form the basis for the aorta itself. Approximately thirty smaller arteries branch from this at the back and sides. These branches form the <a href="Intercostal_arteries" title="Intercostal arteries">intercostal arteries</a>, arteries of the arms and legs, lumbar arteries and the lateral sacral arteries. Branches to the sides of the aorta will form the definitive <a href="Renal_artery" title="Renal artery">renal</a>, <a href="Inferior_suprarenal_artery" title="Inferior suprarenal artery">suprarenal</a> and <a href="Gonadal_artery" title="Gonadal artery">gonadal arteries</a>. Finally, branches at the front of the aorta consist of the <a href="Vitelline_arteries" title="Vitelline arteries">vitelline arteries</a> and <a href="Umbilical_arteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Umbilical arteries">umbilical arteries</a>. The vitelline arteries form the <a href="Celiac_artery" title="Celiac artery">celiac</a>, <a href="Superior_mesenteric_artery" title="Superior mesenteric artery">superior</a> and <a href="Inferior_mesenteric_artery" title="Inferior mesenteric artery">inferior mesenteric arteries</a> of the gastrointestinal tract. After birth, the umbilical arteries will form the <a href="Internal_iliac_artery" title="Internal iliac artery">internal iliac arteries</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Veins_2">Veins</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="Vasculogenesis" title="Vasculogenesis">Vasculogenesis</a></div>

<p>The human venous system develops mainly from the <a href="Vitelline_vein" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitelline vein">vitelline veins</a>, the <a href="Umbilical_vein" title="Umbilical vein">umbilical veins</a> and the <a href="Posterior_cardinal_vein" title="Posterior cardinal vein">cardinal veins</a>, all of which empty into the <a href="Sinus_venosus" title="Sinus venosus">sinus venosus</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Function">Function</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Blood#Oxygen_transport" title="Blood">Blood § Oxygen transport</a></div>

<p>About 98.5% of the oxygen in a sample of <a href="Arterial_blood" title="Arterial blood">arterial blood</a> in a healthy human, breathing air at sea-level pressure, is chemically combined with <a href="Hemoglobin" title="Hemoglobin">hemoglobin</a> molecules. About 1.5% is physically dissolved in the other blood liquids and not connected to hemoglobin. The hemoglobin molecule is the primary transporter of oxygen in vertebrates.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clinical_significance">Clinical significance</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="List_of_circulatory_system_conditions" title="List of circulatory system conditions">List of circulatory system conditions</a></div>

<p>

Many diseases affect the circulatory system. These include a number of <a href="Cardiovascular_disease" title="Cardiovascular disease">cardiovascular diseases</a>, affecting the heart and blood vessels; <a href="Hematologic_disease" title="Hematologic disease">hematologic diseases</a> that affect the blood, such as <a href="Anemia" title="Anemia">anemia</a>, and <a href="Lymphatic_disease" title="Lymphatic disease">lymphatic diseases</a> affecting the lymphatic system. <a href="Cardiologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiologist">Cardiologists</a> are medical professionals which specialise in the heart, and <a href="Cardiothoracic_surgeon" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiothoracic surgeon">cardiothoracic surgeons</a> specialise in operating on the heart and its surrounding areas. <a href="Vascular_surgeon" class="mw-redirect" title="Vascular surgeon">Vascular surgeons</a> focus on the blood vessels.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cardiovascular_disease">Cardiovascular disease</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Cardiovascular_disease" title="Cardiovascular disease">Cardiovascular disease</a></div>

<p>Diseases affecting the cardiovascular system are called <i>cardiovascular disease</i>.

</p><p>Many of these diseases are called "<a href="Lifestyle_disease" title="Lifestyle disease">lifestyle diseases</a>" because they develop over time and are related to a person's exercise habits, diet, whether they smoke, and other lifestyle choices a person makes. <a href="Atherosclerosis" title="Atherosclerosis">Atherosclerosis</a> is the precursor to many of these diseases. It is where small <a href="Atheroma" title="Atheroma">atheromatous plaques</a> build up in the walls of medium and large arteries. This may eventually grow or rupture to occlude the arteries. It is also a risk factor for <a href="Acute_coronary_syndrome" title="Acute coronary syndrome">acute coronary syndromes</a>, which are diseases that are characterised by a sudden deficit of oxygenated blood to the heart tissue. Atherosclerosis is also associated with problems such as <a href="Aneurysm" title="Aneurysm">aneurysm</a> formation or splitting ("dissection") of arteries.

</p><p>Another major cardiovascular disease involves the creation of a <a href="Thrombus" title="Thrombus">clot, called a "thrombus"</a>. These can originate in veins or arteries. <a href="Deep_venous_thrombosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Deep venous thrombosis">Deep venous thrombosis</a>, which mostly occurs in the legs, is one cause of clots in the veins of the legs, particularly when a person has been stationary for a long time. These clots may <a href="Embolus" title="Embolus">embolise</a>, meaning travel to another location in the body. The results of this may include <a href="Pulmonary_embolus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulmonary embolus">pulmonary embolus</a>, <a href="Transient_ischaemic_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Transient ischaemic attack">transient ischaemic attacks</a>, or <a href="Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a>.

</p><p>Cardiovascular diseases may also be congenital in nature, such as <a href="Congenital_heart_defect" title="Congenital heart defect">heart defects</a> or <a href="Persistent_fetal_circulation" title="Persistent fetal circulation">persistent fetal circulation</a>, where the circulatory changes that are supposed to happen after birth do not. Not all congenital changes to the circulatory system are associated with diseases, a large number are <a href="Anatomical_variation" title="Anatomical variation">anatomical variations</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Investigations">Investigations</h3></div>

<p>The function and health of the circulatory system and its parts are measured in a variety of manual and automated ways. These include simple methods such as those that are part of the <a href="Cardiovascular_examination" title="Cardiovascular examination">cardiovascular examination</a>, including the taking of a person's <a href="Pulse" title="Pulse">pulse</a> as an indicator of a person's <a href="Heart_rate" title="Heart rate">heart rate</a>, the taking of <a href="Blood_pressure" title="Blood pressure">blood pressure</a> through a <a href="Sphygmomanometer" title="Sphygmomanometer">sphygmomanometer</a> or the use of a <a href="Stethoscope" title="Stethoscope">stethoscope</a> to listen to the heart for <a href="Cardiac_murmur" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiac murmur">murmurs</a> which may indicate problems with the <a href="Heart_valve" title="Heart valve">heart's valves</a>. An <a href="Electrocardiogram" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrocardiogram">electrocardiogram</a> can also be used to evaluate the way in which electricity is conducted through the heart.

</p><p>Other more invasive means can also be used. A <a href="Cannula" title="Cannula">cannula</a> or <a href="Catheter" title="Catheter">catheter</a> inserted into an artery may be used to measure <a href="Pulse_pressure" title="Pulse pressure">pulse pressure</a> or <a href="Pulmonary_wedge_pressure" title="Pulmonary wedge pressure">pulmonary wedge pressures</a>. Angiography, which involves injecting a dye into an artery to visualise an arterial tree, can be used in the heart (<a href="Coronary_angiography" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronary angiography">coronary angiography</a>) or brain. At the same time as the arteries are visualised, blockages or narrowings may be fixed through the insertion of <a href="Stent" title="Stent">stents</a>, and active bleeds may be managed by the insertion of coils. An MRI may be used to image arteries, called an <a href="Magnetic_resonance_angiography" title="Magnetic resonance angiography">MRI angiogram</a>. For evaluation of the blood supply to the lungs a <a href="CT_pulmonary_angiogram" title="CT pulmonary angiogram">CT pulmonary angiogram</a> may be used. <a href="Doppler_ultrasonography#Blood_vessels" title="Doppler ultrasonography">Vascular ultrasonography</a> may be used to investigate <a href="Vascular_disease" title="Vascular disease">vascular diseases</a> affecting the <a href="Venous_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Venous system">venous system</a> and the <a href="Arterial_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Arterial system">arterial system</a> including the diagnosis of <a href="Stenosis" title="Stenosis">stenosis</a>, <a href="Ultrasonography_of_deep_venous_thrombosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultrasonography of deep venous thrombosis">thrombosis</a> or <a href="Ultrasonography_of_chronic_venous_insufficiency_of_the_legs" title="Ultrasonography of chronic venous insufficiency of the legs">venous insufficiency</a>. An <a href="Intravascular_ultrasound" title="Intravascular ultrasound">intravascular ultrasound</a> using a <a href="Catheter" title="Catheter">catheter</a> is also an option.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surgery">Surgery</h3></div>

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<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="Vascular_surgery" title="Vascular surgery">Vascular surgery</a> and <a href="Vascular_bypass" title="Vascular bypass">Vascular bypass</a></div>

<p>There are a number of surgical procedures performed on the circulatory system:

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Coronary_artery_bypass_surgery" title="Coronary artery bypass surgery">Coronary artery bypass surgery</a></li>

<li><a href="Coronary_stent" title="Coronary stent">Coronary stent</a> used in <a href="Angioplasty" title="Angioplasty">angioplasty</a></li>

<li><a href="Vascular_surgery" title="Vascular surgery">Vascular surgery</a></li>

<li><a href="Vein_stripping" class="mw-redirect" title="Vein stripping">Vein stripping</a></li>

<li>Cosmetic procedures</li></ul>

<p>Cardiovascular procedures are more likely to be performed in an inpatient setting than in an ambulatory care setting; in the United States, only 28% of cardiovascular surgeries were performed in the ambulatory care setting.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_animals">Other animals</h2></div>

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<p>While humans, as well as other <a href="Vertebrates" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebrates">vertebrates</a>, have a closed blood circulatory system (meaning that the blood never leaves the network of arteries, veins and capillaries), some <a href="Invertebrate" title="Invertebrate">invertebrate</a> groups have an open circulatory system containing a heart but limited blood vessels. The most primitive, <a href="Diploblastic" class="mw-redirect" title="Diploblastic">diploblastic</a> animal <a href="Phylum" title="Phylum">phyla</a> lack circulatory systems.

</p><p>An additional transport system, the lymphatic system, which is only found in animals with a closed blood circulation, is an open system providing an accessory route for excess interstitial fluid to be returned to the blood.<sup id="cite_ref-Sherwood,_Lauralee_2011_401_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sherwood,_Lauralee_2011_401-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The blood vascular system first appeared probably in an ancestor of the <a href="Triploblasts" class="mw-redirect" title="Triploblasts">triploblasts</a> over 600 million years ago, overcoming the time-distance constraints of diffusion, while <a href="Endothelium" title="Endothelium">endothelium</a> evolved in an ancestral vertebrate some 540–510 million years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Open_circulatory_system">Open circulatory system</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Hemolymph" title="Hemolymph">Hemolymph</a></div>

<p>In <a href="Arthropod" title="Arthropod">arthropods</a>, the open circulatory system is a system in which a fluid in a <a href="Body_cavity" title="Body cavity">cavity</a> called the <b>hemocoel</b> or <b>haemocoel</b> bathes the organs directly with oxygen and nutrients, with there being no distinction between blood and interstitial fluid; this combined fluid is called <a href="Hemolymph" title="Hemolymph">hemolymph</a> or haemolymph.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Muscular movements by the animal during <a href="Animal_locomotion" title="Animal locomotion">locomotion</a> can facilitate hemolymph movement, but diverting flow from one area to another is limited. When the heart relaxes, blood is drawn back toward the heart through open-ended pores (ostia).

</p><p>Hemolymph fills all of the interior hemocoel of the body and surrounds all <a href="Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cells</a>. Hemolymph is composed of <a href="Water" title="Water">water</a>, <a href="Inorganic_chemistry" title="Inorganic chemistry">inorganic</a> <a href="Salt_(chemistry)" title="Salt (chemistry)">salts</a> (mostly <a href="Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a>, <a href="Chloride" title="Chloride">chloride</a>, <a href="Potassium" title="Potassium">potassium</a>, <a href="Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a>, and <a href="Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a>), and <a href="Organic_chemistry" title="Organic chemistry">organic compounds</a> (mostly carbohydrates, <a href="Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a>, and <a href="Lipid" title="Lipid">lipids</a>). The primary oxygen transporter molecule is <a href="Hemocyanin" title="Hemocyanin">hemocyanin</a>.

</p><p>There are free-floating cells, the <a href="Hemocyte_(invertebrate_immune_system_cell)" title="Hemocyte (invertebrate immune system cell)">hemocytes</a>, within the hemolymph. They play a role in the arthropod <a href="Immune_system" title="Immune system">immune system</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Closed_circulatory_system">Closed circulatory system</h3></div>

<p>The circulatory systems of all vertebrates, as well as of <a href="Annelid" title="Annelid">annelids</a> (for example, <a href="Earthworm" title="Earthworm">earthworms</a>) and <a href="Cephalopod" title="Cephalopod">cephalopods</a> (<a href="Squid" title="Squid">squids</a>, <a href="Octopus" title="Octopus">octopuses</a> and relatives) always keep their circulating blood enclosed within heart chambers or blood vessels and are classified as <i>closed</i>, just as in humans. Still, the systems of <a href="Fish" title="Fish">fish</a>, <a href="Amphibian" title="Amphibian">amphibians</a>, <a href="Reptile" title="Reptile">reptiles</a>, and <a href="Bird" title="Bird">birds</a> show various stages of the <a href="Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a> of the circulatory system.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Closed systems permit blood to be directed to the organs that require it.

</p><p>In fish, the system has only one circuit, with the blood being pumped through the capillaries of the <a href="Gill" title="Gill">gills</a> and on to the capillaries of the body tissues. This is known as <i>single cycle</i> circulation. The heart of fish is, therefore, only a single pump (consisting of two chambers).

</p><p>In amphibians and most reptiles, a double circulatory system is used, but the heart is not always completely separated into two pumps. Amphibians have a three-chambered heart.

</p><p>In reptiles, the <a href="Ventricular_septum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ventricular septum">ventricular septum</a> of the heart is incomplete and the <a href="Pulmonary_artery" title="Pulmonary artery">pulmonary artery</a> is equipped with a <a href="Sphincter_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Sphincter muscle">sphincter muscle</a>. This allows a second possible route of blood flow. Instead of blood flowing through the pulmonary artery to the lungs, the sphincter may be contracted to divert this blood flow through the incomplete ventricular septum into the left ventricle and out through the <a href="Aorta" title="Aorta">aorta</a>. This means the blood flows from the capillaries to the heart and back to the capillaries instead of to the lungs. This process is useful to <a href="Ectothermic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ectothermic">ectothermic</a> (cold-blooded) animals in the regulation of their body temperature.

</p><p>Mammals, birds and <a href="Crocodilia" title="Crocodilia">crocodilians</a> show complete separation of the heart into two pumps, for a total of four heart chambers; it is thought that the four-chambered heart of birds and crocodilians evolved independently from that of mammals.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Double circulatory systems permit blood to be repressurized after returning from the lungs, speeding up delivery of oxygen to tissues.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="No_circulatory_system">No circulatory system</h3></div>

<p>Circulatory systems are absent in some animals, including <a href="Flatworm" title="Flatworm">flatworms</a>. Their <a href="Body_cavity" title="Body cavity">body cavity</a> has no lining or enclosed fluid. Instead, a muscular <a href="Pharynx" title="Pharynx">pharynx</a> leads to an extensively branched <a href="Digestive_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Digestive system">digestive system</a> that facilitates direct <a href="Diffusion" title="Diffusion">diffusion</a> of nutrients to all cells. The flatworm's dorso-ventrally flattened body shape also restricts the distance of any cell from the digestive system or the exterior of the organism. <a href="Oxygen" title="Oxygen">Oxygen</a> can diffuse from the surrounding water into the cells, and carbon dioxide can diffuse out. Consequently, every cell is able to obtain nutrients, water and oxygen without the need of a transport system.

</p><p>Some animals, such as <a href="Jellyfish" title="Jellyfish">jellyfish</a>, have more extensive branching from their <a href="Gastrovascular_cavity" title="Gastrovascular cavity">gastrovascular cavity</a> (which functions as both a place of digestion and a form of circulation), this branching allows for bodily fluids to reach the outer layers, since the digestion begins in the inner layers.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<p>The earliest known writings on the circulatory system are found in the <a href="Ebers_Papyrus" title="Ebers Papyrus">Ebers Papyrus</a> (16th century BCE), an <a href="Ancient_Egyptian_medicine" title="Ancient Egyptian medicine">ancient Egyptian medical papyrus</a> containing over 700 prescriptions and remedies, both physical and spiritual. In the <a href="Papyrus" title="Papyrus">papyrus</a>, it acknowledges the connection of the heart to the arteries. The Egyptians thought air came in through the mouth and into the lungs and heart. From the heart, the air travelled to every member through the arteries. Although this concept of the circulatory system is only partially correct, it represents one of the earliest accounts of scientific thought.

</p><p>In the 6th century BCE, the knowledge of circulation of vital fluids through the body was known to the <a href="Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurvedic</a> physician <a href="Sushruta" title="Sushruta">Sushruta</a> in <a href="History_of_India" title="History of India">ancient India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dwivedi&Dwivedi07_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dwivedi&Dwivedi07-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also seems to have possessed knowledge of the arteries, described as 'channels' by Dwivedi & Dwivedi (2007).<sup id="cite_ref-Dwivedi&Dwivedi07_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dwivedi&Dwivedi07-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first major ancient Greek research into the circulatory system was completed by Plato in the <i>Timaeus</i>, who argues that blood circulates around the body in accordance with the general rules that govern the motions of the elements in the body; accordingly, he does not place much importance in the heart itself.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="Heart_valve" title="Heart valve">valves of the heart</a> were discovered by a physician of the <a href="Hippocrates" title="Hippocrates">Hippocrat</a>ic school around the early 3rd century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, their function was not properly understood then. Because blood pools in the veins after death, arteries look empty. Ancient anatomists assumed they were filled with air and that they were for the transport of air.

</p><p>The <a href="Ancient_Greek_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek Medicine">Greek physician</a>, <a href="Herophilus" class="mw-redirect" title="Herophilus">Herophilus</a>, distinguished veins from arteries but thought that the <a href="Pulse" title="Pulse">pulse</a> was a property of arteries themselves. Greek anatomist <a href="Erasistratus" title="Erasistratus">Erasistratus</a> observed that arteries that were cut during life bleed. He ascribed the fact to the phenomenon that air escaping from an artery is replaced with blood that enters between veins and arteries by very small vessels. Thus he apparently postulated capillaries but with reversed flow of blood.

</p><p>In 2nd-century AD <a href="Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, the <a href="Ancient_Greek_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek Medicine">Greek</a> physician <a href="Galen" title="Galen">Galen</a> knew that blood vessels carried blood and identified venous (dark red) and arterial (brighter and thinner) blood, each with distinct and separate functions. Growth and energy were derived from venous blood created in the liver from chyle, while arterial blood gave vitality by containing pneuma (air) and originated in the heart. Blood flowed from both creating organs to all parts of the body where it was consumed and there was no return of blood to the heart or liver. The heart did not pump blood around, the heart's motion sucked blood in during diastole and the blood moved by the pulsation of the arteries themselves. Galen believed that the arterial blood was created by venous blood passing from the left ventricle to the right by passing through 'pores' in the interventricular septum, air passed from the lungs via the pulmonary artery to the left side of the heart. As the arterial blood was created 'sooty' vapors were created and passed to the lungs also via the pulmonary artery to be exhaled.

</p><p>In 1025, <i><a href="The_Canon_of_Medicine" title="The Canon of Medicine">The Canon of Medicine</a></i> by the <a href="Ancient_Iranian_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Iranian Medicine">Persian physician</a>, <a href="Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a>, "erroneously accepted the Greek notion regarding the existence of a hole in the ventricular septum by which the blood traveled between the ventricles." Despite this, Avicenna "correctly wrote on the <a href="Cardiac_cycle" title="Cardiac cycle">cardiac cycles</a> and valvular function", and "had a vision of blood circulation" in his <i>Treatise on Pulse</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While also refining Galen's erroneous theory of the pulse, Avicenna provided the first correct explanation of pulsation: "Every beat of the pulse comprises two movements and two pauses. Thus, expansion : pause : contraction : pause. [...] The pulse is a movement in the heart and arteries ... which takes the form of alternate expansion and contraction."<sup id="cite_ref-Chamsi-Pasha2014_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chamsi-Pasha2014-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In 1242, the <a href="Medicine_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Medicine in medieval Islam">Arabian physician</a>, <a href="Ibn_al-Nafis" title="Ibn al-Nafis">Ibn al-Nafis</a> described the process of <a href="Pulmonary_circulation" title="Pulmonary circulation">pulmonary circulation</a> in greater, more accurate detail than his predecessors, though he believed, as they did, in the notion of vital spirit (<a href="Pneuma" title="Pneuma">pneuma</a>), which he believed was formed in the left ventricle. Ibn al-Nafis stated in his <i>Commentary on Anatomy in Avicenna's Canon</i>:<sup id="cite_ref-West_2008_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-West_2008-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<blockquote><p>...the blood from the right chamber of the heart must arrive at the left chamber but there is no direct pathway between them. The thick septum of the heart is not perforated and does not have visible pores as some people thought or invisible pores as Galen thought. The blood from the right chamber must flow through the vena arteriosa (pulmonary artery) to the lungs, spread through its substances, be mingled there with air, pass through the arteria venosa (<a href="Pulmonary_vein" title="Pulmonary vein">pulmonary vein</a>) to reach the left chamber of the heart and there form the vital spirit...</p></blockquote>

<p>In addition, Ibn al-Nafis had an insight into what later became a larger theory of the <a href="Capillary" title="Capillary">capillary</a> circulation. He stated that "there must be small communications or pores (<i>manafidh</i> in Arabic) between the pulmonary artery and vein," a prediction that preceded the discovery of the capillary system by more than 400 years.<sup id="cite_ref-West_2008_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-West_2008-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ibn al-Nafis' theory was confined to blood transit in the lungs and did not extend to the entire body.

</p><p><a href="Michael_Servetus" title="Michael Servetus">Michael Servetus</a> was the first European to describe the function of pulmonary circulation, although his achievement was not widely recognized at the time, for a few reasons. He firstly described it in the "Manuscript of Paris"<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (near 1546), but this work was never published. And later he published this description, but in a theological treatise, <i>Christianismi Restitutio</i>, not in a book on medicine. Only three copies of the book survived but these remained hidden for decades, the rest were burned shortly after its publication in 1553 because of persecution of Servetus by religious authorities.

</p><p>A better known discovery of pulmonary circulation was by <a href="Vesalius" class="mw-redirect" title="Vesalius">Vesalius</a>'s successor at <a href="University_of_Padua" title="University of Padua">Padua</a>, <a href="Realdo_Colombo" title="Realdo Colombo">Realdo Colombo</a>, in 1559.

</p>

<p>Finally, the English physician <a href="William_Harvey" title="William Harvey">William Harvey</a>, a pupil of <a href="Hieronymus_Fabricius" title="Hieronymus Fabricius">Hieronymus Fabricius</a> (who had earlier described the valves of the veins without recognizing their function), performed a sequence of experiments and published his <i><a href="Exercitatio_Anatomica_de_Motu_Cordis_et_Sanguinis_in_Animalibus" title="Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus">Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus</a></i> in 1628, which "demonstrated that there had to be a direct connection between the venous and arterial systems throughout the body, and not just the lungs. Most importantly, he argued that the beat of the heart produced a continuous circulation of blood through minute connections at the extremities of the body. This is a conceptual leap that was quite different from Ibn al-Nafis' refinement of the anatomy and bloodflow in the heart and lungs."<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This work, with its essentially correct exposition, slowly convinced the medical world. However, Harvey did not identify the capillary system connecting arteries and veins; this was discovered by <a href="Marcello_Malpighi" title="Marcello Malpighi">Marcello Malpighi</a> in 1661.

</p>

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<ul><li><a href="Cardiology" title="Cardiology">Cardiology</a> – Branch of medicine dealing with the heart</li>

<li><a href="Cardiovascular_drift" title="Cardiovascular drift">Cardiovascular drift</a></li>

<li><a href="Cardiac_cycle" title="Cardiac cycle">Cardiac cycle</a> – Performance of the human heart</li>

<li><a href="Vital_heat" title="Vital heat">Vital heat</a></li>

<li><a href="Cardiac_muscle" title="Cardiac muscle">Cardiac muscle</a> – Muscular tissue of heart in vertebrates</li>

<li><a href="Major_systems_of_the_human_body" class="mw-redirect" title="Major systems of the human body">Major systems of the human body</a> – Collective structure of a human being<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li>

<li><a href="Amato_Lusitano" class="mw-redirect" title="Amato Lusitano">Amato Lusitano</a> – Portuguese physician (1511–1568)<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li>

<li><a href="Vascular_resistance" title="Vascular resistance">Vascular resistance</a> – Force from blood vessels that affects blood flow</li></ul>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFHall2011" class="citation book cs1">Hall, John E. (2011). <i>Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology</i> (Twelfth ed.). Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. p. 4. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781416045748</bdi>.</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{cite book}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)</span></span>

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<li id="cite_note-ncbibooks-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ncbibooks_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279250/"><i>How does the blood circulatory system work? – InformedHealth.org – NCBI Bookshelf</i></a>. Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care. 31 January 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220129064012/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279250/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 January 2022.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Sherwood,_Lauralee_2011_401-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sherwood,_Lauralee_2011_401_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sherwood,_Lauralee_2011_401_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSherwood,_Lauralee2011" class="citation book cs1">Sherwood, Lauralee (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I9qH3eZ1pP0C&pg=PT401"><i>Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems</i></a>. Cengage Learning. pp. 401–. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-133-10893-1</bdi>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200729124855/https://books.google.com/books?id=I9qH3eZ1pP0C&pg=PT401">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Saladin4-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Saladin4_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSaladin2011" class="citation book cs1">Saladin, Kenneth S. (2011). <i>Human anatomy</i> (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 610. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780071222075</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-CRU-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CRU_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/what-is-cancer/body-systems-and-cancer/the-lymphatic-system-and-cancer?">"The lymphatic system and cancer | Cancer Research UK"</a>. 29 October 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220130075814/https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/what-is-cancer/body-systems-and-cancer/the-lymphatic-system-and-cancer">Archived</a> from the original on 30 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?name=Cardiovascular+System">Cardiovascular+System</a> at the U.S. National Library of Medicine <a href="Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">Medical Subject Headings</a> (MeSH)</span>

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<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPratt" class="citation web cs1">Pratt, Rebecca. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170224023239/https://app.anatomyone.com/systemic/cardiovascular-system/blood">"Cardiovascular System: Blood"</a>. <i>AnatomyOne</i>. Amirsys, Inc. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://app.anatomyone.com/systemic/cardiovascular-system/blood">the original</a> on 24 February 2017.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Guyton-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Guyton_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guyton_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guyton_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guyton_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGuyton,_ArthurHall,_John2000" class="citation book cs1">Guyton, Arthur; Hall, John (2000). <i>Guyton Textbook of Medical Physiology</i> (10 ed.). Saunders. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-7216-8677-6</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Lawton-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lawton_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lawton_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLawton,_Cassie_M.2019" class="citation book cs1">Lawton, Cassie M. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mj4mEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA6"><i>The Human Circulatory System</i></a>. Cavendish Square Publishing. p. 6. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-50-265720-6</bdi>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220128204010/https://books.google.com/books?id=mj4mEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA6">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Gartner-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gartner_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGartner,_Leslie_P.Hiatt,_James_L.2010" class="citation book cs1">Gartner, Leslie P.; Hiatt, James L. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pGTtd5i2fR8C&pg=PA166"><i>Concise Histology E-Book</i></a>. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 166. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-43-773579-6</bdi>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220128204011/https://books.google.com/books?id=pGTtd5i2fR8C&pg=PA166">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Alberts-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Alberts_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAlbertsJohnsonLewisRaff2002" class="citation book cs1">Alberts, B.; Johnson, A.; Lewis, J.; Raff, M.; Roberts, K.; Walters, P. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21054/?depth=2"><i>Molecular Biology of the Cell</i></a> (4th ed.). New York and London: Garland Science. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-8153-3218-3</bdi>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/5IDSbXuy2?url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?call=bv.View..ShowTOC">Archived</a> from the original on 17 August 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Gray's-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gray's_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFStandring2016" class="citation book cs1">Standring, Susan (2016). <i>Gray's anatomy : the anatomical basis of clinical practice</i> (Forty-first ed.). [Philadelphia]: Elsevier Limited. p. 1024. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780702052309</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Iaizzo-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Iaizzo_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFIaizzo,_Paul_A2015" class="citation book cs1">Iaizzo, Paul A (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4PLuCgAAQBAJ"><i>Handbook of Cardiac Anatomy, Physiology, and Devices</i></a>. Springer. p. 93. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-3-31919464-6</bdi>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171011044440/https://books.google.com/books?id=4PLuCgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Iaizzo_two-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Iaizzo_two_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFIaizzo,_Paul_A2015" class="citation book cs1">Iaizzo, Paul A (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4PLuCgAAQBAJ"><i>Handbook of Cardiac Anatomy, Physiology, and Devices</i></a>. Springer. pp. 5, 77. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-3-31919464-6</bdi>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171011044440/https://books.google.com/books?id=4PLuCgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Iaizzo_three-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Iaizzo_three_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFIaizzo,_Paul_A2015" class="citation book cs1">Iaizzo, Paul A (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4PLuCgAAQBAJ"><i>Handbook of Cardiac Anatomy, Physiology, and Devices</i></a>. Springer. pp. 5, <span class="nowrap">41–</span>43. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-3-31919464-6</bdi>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171011044440/https://books.google.com/books?id=4PLuCgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Vaz-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vaz_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vaz_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFVaz,_MarioRaj,_ToniAnura,_Kurpad2016" class="citation book cs1">Vaz, Mario; Raj, Toni; Anura, Kurpad (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J_HQDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA255"><i>Guyton & Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology – E-Book: A South Asian Edition</i></a>. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 255. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-8-13-124665-8</bdi>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220128215455/https://books.google.com/books?id=J_HQDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA255">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Institutes_of_Health" class="citation web cs1"><a href="National_Institutes_of_Health" title="National Institutes of Health">National Institutes of Health</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141004200807/https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/hlw/printall-index.html">"What Are the Lungs?"</a>. nih.gov. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/hlw/printall-index.html">the original</a> on 4 October 2014.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFState_University_of_New_York2014" class="citation web cs1"><a href="State_University_of_New_York" title="State University of New York">State University of New York</a> (3 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20140203084650/http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/michael.gregory/files/bio%20100/Bio%20100%20Lectures/Organ%20Systems/Circulatory%20System/Circulatory%20System.htm">"The Circulatory System"</a>. suny.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/michael.gregory/files/bio%20100/Bio%20100%20Lectures/Organ%20Systems/Circulatory%20System/Circulatory%20System.htm">the original</a> on 3 February 2014.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPooleKanoKogaMusch2021" class="citation journal cs1">Poole, David C.; Kano, Yutaka; Koga, Shunsaku; Musch, Timothy I. (March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://europepmc.org/backend/ptpmcrender.fcgi?accid=PMC7867635&blobtype=pdf">"August Krogh: Muscle capillary function and oxygen delivery"</a>. <i>Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology</i>. <b>253</b> (110852). <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cbpa.2020.110852">10.1016/j.cbpa.2020.110852</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7867635">7867635</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33242636">33242636</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Mcconnell-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mcconnell_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMcconnell,_Thomas_H.Hull,_Kerry_L.2020" class="citation book cs1">Mcconnell, Thomas H.; Hull, Kerry L. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BeLcDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA432"><i>Human Form, Human Function: Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology, Enhanced Edition</i></a>. Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 432. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-28-421805-3</bdi>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220128215457/https://books.google.com/books?id=BeLcDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA432">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Floyd-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Floyd_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFParkinson,_Clayton_FloydHuether,_Sue_E.McCance,_Kathryn_L.2000" class="citation book cs1">Parkinson, Clayton Floyd; Huether, Sue E.; McCance, Kathryn L. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V__aAAAAMAAJ"><i>Understanding Pathophysiology</i></a>. Mosby. p. 161. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-32-300792-4</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFIadecola2017" class="citation journal cs1">Iadecola, Costantino (27 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5657612">"The Neurovascular Unit Coming of Age: A Journey through Neurovascular Coupling in Health and Disease"</a>. <i>Neuron</i>. <b>96</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">17–</span>42. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.neuron.2017.07.030">10.1016/j.neuron.2017.07.030</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1097-4199">1097-4199</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5657612">5657612</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28957666">28957666</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Whitaker-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Whitaker_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWhitaker2001" class="citation book cs1">Whitaker, Kent (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R3WK8XyAHYgC&pg=PA18">"Fetal Circulation"</a>. <i>Comprehensive Perinatal and Pediatric Respiratory Care</i>. Delmar Thomson Learning. pp. <span class="nowrap">18–</span>20. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-7668-1373-1</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWierSteinerOwens2015" class="citation journal cs1">Wier LM, Steiner CA, Owens PL (17 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150312035159/http://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb188-Surgeries-Hospital-Outpatient-Facilities-2012.jsp">"Surgeries in Hospital-Owned Outpatient Facilities, 2012"</a>. <i>HCUP Statistical Brief</i> (188). Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb188-Surgeries-Hospital-Outpatient-Facilities-2012.jsp">the original</a> on 12 March 2015.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMonahan-EarleyDvorakAird2013" class="citation journal cs1">Monahan-Earley, R.; Dvorak, A. M.; Aird, W. C. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5378490">"Evolutionary origins of the blood vascular system and endothelium"</a>. <i>Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis</i>. <b>11</b> (Suppl 1): <span class="nowrap">46–</span>66. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjth.12253">10.1111/jth.12253</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5378490">5378490</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23809110">23809110</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBailey" class="citation web cs1">Bailey, Regina. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biology.about.com/od/organsystems/a/circulatorysystem.htm">"Circulatory System"</a>. <i>biology.about.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161129050935/http://biology.about.com/od/organsystems/a/circulatorysystem.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSimões-CostaVasconcelosSampaioCravo2005" class="citation journal cs1">Simões-Costa, Marcos S.; Vasconcelos, Michelle; Sampaio, Allysson C.; Cravo, Roberta M.; Linhares, Vania L.; Hochgreb, Tatiana; Yan, Chao Y.I.; Davidson, Brad; Xavier-Neto, José (2005). "The evolutionary origin of cardiac chambers". <i>Developmental Biology</i>. <b>277</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>15. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ydbio.2004.09.026">10.1016/j.ydbio.2004.09.026</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15572135">15572135</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ncse.com/creationism/analysis/crocodilian-hearts">"Crocodilian Hearts"</a>. <i>National Center for Science Education</i>. 24 October 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150926104854/http://ncse.com/creationism/analysis/crocodilian-hearts">Archived</a> from the original on 26 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Dwivedi&Dwivedi07-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dwivedi&Dwivedi07_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dwivedi&Dwivedi07_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dwivedi, Girish & Dwivedi, Shridhar (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medind.nic.in/iae/t07/i4/iaet07i4p243.pdf">"History of Medicine: Sushruta – the Clinician – Teacher par Excellence"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081010045900/https://medind.nic.in/iae/t07/i4/iaet07i4p243.pdf">Archived</a> October 10, 2008, at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Indian J Chest Dis Allied Sci</i> Vol. 49 pp. 243–244, <a href="National_Informatics_Centre" title="National Informatics Centre">National Informatics Centre (Government of India)</a>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <i>Timaeus</i> 77a–81e. For a scholarly discussion, see Douglas R. Campbell, "Irrigating Blood: Plato on the Circulatory System, the Cosmos, and Elemental Motion," <i>Journal of the History of Philosophy</i> 62 (4): 519–541. 2024. See also Francis Cornford, <i>Plato's Cosmology: The Timaeus of Plato,</i> Indianapolis: Hackett, 1997.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The central text here is the Hippocratic text <i>On The Heart</i>, which Elizabeth Craik argues was written between 300 and 250 BC. See Craik, Elizabeth. 2015. <i>The ‘Hippocratic’ Corpus: Content and Context</i>. New York: Routledge.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFShojaTubbsLoukasKhalili2009" class="citation journal cs1">Shoja, M.M.; Tubbs, R.S.; Loukas, M.; Khalili, M.; Alakbarli, F.; Cohen-Gadol, A.A. (2009). "Vasovagal syncope in the Canon of Avicenna: The first mention of carotid artery hypersensitivity". <i>International Journal of Cardiology</i>. <b>134</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">297–</span>301. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ijcard.2009.02.035">10.1016/j.ijcard.2009.02.035</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19332359">19332359</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Chamsi-Pasha2014-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chamsi-Pasha2014_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFChamsi-PashaChamsi-Pasha2014" class="citation journal cs1">Chamsi-Pasha, MA; Chamsi-Pasha, H (January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3952394">"Avicenna's contribution to cardiology"</a>. <i>Avicenna Journal of Medicine</i>. <b>4</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">9–</span>12. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4103%2F2231-0770.127415">10.4103/2231-0770.127415</a></span>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3952394">3952394</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24678465">24678465</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-West_2008-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-West_2008_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-West_2008_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWest2008" class="citation journal cs1">West, J.B. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2612469">"Ibn al-Nafis, the pulmonary circulation, and the Islamic Golden Age"</a>. <i>Journal of Applied Physiology</i>. <b>105</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">1877–</span>1880. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1152%2Fjapplphysiol.91171.2008">10.1152/japplphysiol.91171.2008</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2612469">2612469</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18845773">18845773</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gonzalez Etxeberria, Patxi (2011) <i>Amor a la verdad, el – vida y obra de Miguel servet</i> [<i>The love for truth. Life and work of Michael Servetus</i>]. Navarro y Navarro, Zaragoza, collaboration with the Government of Navarra, Department of Institutional Relations and Education of the Government of Navarra. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>84-235-3266-6</bdi> pp. 215–228 & 62nd illustration (XLVII)</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.michaelservetusresearch.com/ENGLISH/works.html">Michael Servetus Research</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121113223851/https://www.michaelservetusresearch.com/ENGLISH/works.html">Archived</a> 2012-11-13 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Study with graphical proof on the Manuscript of Paris and many other manuscripts and new works by Servetus</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pormann, Peter E. and Smith, E. Savage (2007) <i>Medieval Islamic medicine</i> Georgetown University, Washington, D.C., p. 48, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>1-58901-161-9</bdi>.</span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cardiovascular_system" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Cardiovascular system">Cardiovascular system</a></span>.</div></div>

</div>

<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/circulatory_system" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/circulatory system">circulatory system</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div>

</div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cnx.org/content/m46646/latest/">Circulatory Pathways</a> in <i>Anatomy and Physiology</i> by <a href="OpenStax" title="OpenStax">OpenStax</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040611041411/https://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookcircSYS.html">The Circulatory System</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121113223851/https://www.michaelservetusresearch.com/ENGLISH/works.html">Michael Servetus Research</a> Study on the Manuscript of Paris by Servetus (1546 description of the Pulmonary Circulation)</li></ul>

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</style><div id="Anatomy_of_the_heart57" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Anatomy of the <a href="Heart" title="Heart">heart</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Surface</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Sulcus_(morphology)" title="Sulcus (morphology)">Sulci</a>

<ul><li><a href="Coronary_sulcus" title="Coronary sulcus">coronary</a></li>

<li><a href="Interatrial_sulcus" title="Interatrial sulcus">interatrial</a></li>

<li><a href="Anterior_interventricular_sulcus" title="Anterior interventricular sulcus">anterior interventricular</a></li>

<li><a href="Posterior_interventricular_sulcus" title="Posterior interventricular sulcus">posterior interventricular</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Borders

<ul><li><a href="Right_border_of_heart" title="Right border of heart">right</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Internal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Atrium_(heart)" title="Atrium (heart)">Atria</a>

<ul><li><a href="Interatrial_septum" title="Interatrial septum">interatrial septum</a></li>

<li><a href="Pectinate_muscles" title="Pectinate muscles">pectinate muscles</a></li>

<li><a href="Terminal_sulcus_(heart)" title="Terminal sulcus (heart)">terminal sulcus</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Ventricle_(heart)" title="Ventricle (heart)">Ventricles</a>

<ul><li><a href="Interventricular_septum" title="Interventricular septum">interventricular septum</a></li>

<li><a href="Trabeculae_carneae" title="Trabeculae carneae">trabeculae carneae</a></li>

<li><a href="Chordae_tendineae" title="Chordae tendineae">chordae tendineae</a></li>

<li><a href="Papillary_muscle" title="Papillary muscle">papillary muscle</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Heart_valve" title="Heart valve">Valves</a></li>

<li><a href="Cusps_of_heart_valves" class="mw-redirect" title="Cusps of heart valves">Cusps</a></li>

<li><a href="Atrioventricular_septum" title="Atrioventricular septum">Atrioventricular septum</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cardiac_skeleton" title="Cardiac skeleton">Cardiac skeleton</a></li>

<li><a href="Intervenous_tubercle" title="Intervenous tubercle">Intervenous tubercle</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chambers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Right_heart" class="mw-redirect" title="Right heart">Right heart</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>(<i><a href="Venae_cavae" title="Venae cavae">Venae cavae</a></i> and <a href="Coronary_sinus" title="Coronary sinus">coronary sinus</a>) → <a href="Right_atrium" class="mw-redirect" title="Right atrium">Right atrium</a> (<a href="Right_atrial_appendage" class="mw-redirect" title="Right atrial appendage">atrial appendage</a>, <a href="Fossa_ovalis_(heart)" title="Fossa ovalis (heart)">fossa ovalis</a>, <a href="Limbus_of_fossa_ovalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Limbus of fossa ovalis">limbus of fossa ovalis</a>, <a href="Crista_terminalis" title="Crista terminalis">crista terminalis</a>, <a href="Valve_of_inferior_vena_cava" title="Valve of inferior vena cava">valve of inferior vena cava</a>, <a href="Valve_of_coronary_sinus" title="Valve of coronary sinus">valve of coronary sinus</a>) → <a href="Tricuspid_valve" title="Tricuspid valve">Tricuspid valve</a> → <a href="Right_ventricle" class="mw-redirect" title="Right ventricle">Right ventricle</a> (<a href="Infundibulum_(heart)" title="Infundibulum (heart)">infundibulum</a>, <a href="Moderator_band_(heart)" class="mw-redirect" title="Moderator band (heart)">moderator band/septomarginal trabecula</a>, <a href="Crista_supraventricularis" title="Crista supraventricularis">crista supraventricularis</a>) → <a href="Pulmonary_valve" title="Pulmonary valve">Pulmonary valve</a> → (<a href="Pulmonary_artery" title="Pulmonary artery">Pulmonary artery</a> and <a href="Pulmonary_circulation" title="Pulmonary circulation">pulmonary circulation</a>)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Left_heart" class="mw-redirect" title="Left heart">Left heart</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Pulmonary_vein" title="Pulmonary vein">Pulmonary veins</a> → <a href="Left_atrium" class="mw-redirect" title="Left atrium">Left atrium</a> (<a href="Left_atrial_appendage" class="mw-redirect" title="Left atrial appendage">atrial appendage</a>) → <a href="Mitral_valve" title="Mitral valve">Mitral valve</a> → <a href="Left_ventricle" class="mw-redirect" title="Left ventricle">Left ventricle</a> → <a href="Aortic_valve" title="Aortic valve">Aortic valve</a> (<a href="Aortic_sinus" title="Aortic sinus">aortic sinus</a>) → (<a href="Aorta" title="Aorta">Aorta</a> and <a href="Systemic_circulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Systemic circulation">systemic circulation</a>)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Layers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Endocardium" title="Endocardium">Endocardium</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Heart_valve" title="Heart valve">Heart valves</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Cardiac_muscle" title="Cardiac muscle">Myocardium</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Electrical_conduction_system_of_the_heart" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical conduction system of the heart">Conduction system</a>

<ul><li><a href="Cardiac_pacemaker" title="Cardiac pacemaker">cardiac pacemaker</a></li>

<li><a href="Bachmann's_bundle" title="Bachmann's bundle">Bachmann's bundle</a></li>

<li><a href="Bundle_of_His" title="Bundle of His">bundle of His</a></li>

<li><a href="Bundle_branches" title="Bundle branches">bundle branches</a></li>

<li><a href="Purkinje_fibers" title="Purkinje fibers">Purkinje fibers</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Pericardium" title="Pericardium">Pericardial cavity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Pericardial_sinus" title="Pericardial sinus">Pericardial sinus</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Pericardium" title="Pericardium">Pericardium</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Fibrous_pericardium" class="mw-redirect" title="Fibrous pericardium">Fibrous pericardium</a>

<ul><li><a href="Sternopericardial_ligaments" title="Sternopericardial ligaments">sternopericardial ligaments</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Serous_pericardium" class="mw-redirect" title="Serous pericardium">Serous pericardium</a>

<ul><li><a href="Epicardium" class="mw-redirect" title="Epicardium">epicardium</a></li></ul></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Blood supply</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul>

<li><a href="Coronary_circulation" title="Coronary circulation">Coronary circulation</a></li>

<li><a href="Coronary_arteries" title="Coronary arteries">Coronary arteries</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Arteries_and_veins88" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Arteries_and_veins88" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Artery" title="Artery">Arteries</a> and <a href="Vein" title="Vein">veins</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vessels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Artery" title="Artery">Arteries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Nutrient_artery" title="Nutrient artery">Nutrient artery</a></li>

<li><a href="Arteriole" title="Arteriole">Arteriole</a>

<ul><li><a href="Metarteriole" title="Metarteriole">Metarteriole</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Elastic_artery" title="Elastic artery">Elastic artery</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Capillary" title="Capillary">Capillaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Types

<ul><li><a href="Capillary#Types" title="Capillary">Continuous</a></li>

<li><a href="Capillary#Types" title="Capillary">Fenestrated</a></li>

<li><a href="Sinusoid_(blood_vessel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinusoid (blood vessel)">Sinusoidal</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Precapillary_sphincter" title="Precapillary sphincter">Precapillary sphincter</a></li>

<li><a href="Precapillary_resistance" title="Precapillary resistance">Precapillary resistance</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Vein" title="Vein">Veins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Vena_comitans" title="Vena comitans">Vena comitans</a></li>

<li><a href="Superficial_vein" title="Superficial vein">Superficial vein</a></li>

<li><a href="Perforator_vein" title="Perforator vein">Perforator vein</a></li>

<li><a href="Emissary_veins" title="Emissary veins">Emissary veins</a></li>

<li><a href="Venous_plexus" title="Venous plexus">Venous plexus</a></li>

<li><a href="Venule" title="Venule">Venule</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Lymph" title="Lymph">Lymph</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Lymphatic_vessel" title="Lymphatic vessel">Lymphatic vessel</a></li>

<li><a href="Lymph" title="Lymph">Lymph</a></li>

<li><a href="Lymph_capillary" title="Lymph capillary">Lymph capillary</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Systemic_circulation">Systemic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="Heart#Left_heart" title="Heart">Left heart</a> → <a href="Aorta" title="Aorta">Aorta</a> → <a href="Artery" title="Artery">Arteries</a> → <a href="Arteriole" title="Arteriole">Arterioles</a> → <a href="Capillary" title="Capillary">Capillaries</a> → <a href="Venule" title="Venule">Venules</a> → <a href="Vein" title="Vein">Veins</a> → <a href="Venae_cavae" title="Venae cavae">Vena cava</a> → (<a href="Heart#Right_heart" title="Heart">Right heart</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Pulmonary_circulation" title="Pulmonary circulation">Pulmonary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="Heart#Right_heart" title="Heart">Right heart</a> → <a href="Pulmonary_artery" title="Pulmonary artery">Pulmonary arteries</a> → <a href="Lung" title="Lung">Lungs</a> → <a href="Pulmonary_vein" title="Pulmonary vein">Pulmonary vein</a> → (<a href="Heart#Left_heart" title="Heart">Left heart</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Histology" title="Histology">Microanatomy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Microvessel" class="mw-redirect" title="Microvessel">Microvessel</a></li>

<li><a href="Microcirculation" title="Microcirculation">Microcirculation</a></li>

<li><a href="Tunica_intima" title="Tunica intima">Tunica intima</a>

<ul><li><a href="Endothelium" title="Endothelium">Endothelium</a></li>

<li><a href="Internal_elastic_lamina" title="Internal elastic lamina">Internal elastic lamina</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Tunica_media" title="Tunica media">Tunica media</a></li>

<li><a href="Tunica_externa" title="Tunica externa">Tunica externa</a></li>

<li><a href="Vasa_vasorum" title="Vasa vasorum">Vasa vasorum</a></li>

<li><a href="Vasa_nervorum" title="Vasa nervorum">Vasa nervorum</a></li>

<li><a href="Vascular_nerves" title="Vascular nerves">Vascular nerves</a></li>

<li><a href="Rete_mirabile" title="Rete mirabile">Rete mirabile</a></li>

<li><a href="Circulatory_anastomosis" title="Circulatory anastomosis">Circulatory anastomosis</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Physiology_of_the_cardiovascular_system139" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Physiology_of_the_cardiovascular_system139" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Cardiovascular_physiology" title="Cardiovascular physiology">Physiology of the cardiovascular system</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Heart" title="Heart">Heart</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Cardiac_output" title="Cardiac output">Cardiac output</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cardiac_cycle" title="Cardiac cycle">Cardiac cycle</a></li>

<li><a href="Cardiac_output" title="Cardiac output">Cardiac output</a>

<ul><li><a href="Heart_rate" title="Heart rate">Heart rate</a></li>

<li><a href="Stroke_volume" title="Stroke volume">Stroke volume</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Stroke_volume" title="Stroke volume">Stroke volume</a>

<ul><li><a href="End-diastolic_volume" title="End-diastolic volume">End-diastolic volume</a></li>

<li><a href="End-systolic_volume" title="End-systolic volume">End-systolic volume</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Afterload" title="Afterload">Afterload</a></li>

<li><a href="Preload_(cardiology)" title="Preload (cardiology)">Preload</a></li>

<li><a href="Frank%E2%80%93Starling_law" title="Frank–Starling law">Frank–Starling law</a></li>

<li><a href="Cardiac_function_curve" title="Cardiac function curve">Cardiac function curve</a></li>

<li><a href="Venous_return_curve" class="mw-redirect" title="Venous return curve">Venous return curve</a></li>

<li><a href="Wiggers_diagram" title="Wiggers diagram">Wiggers diagram</a></li>

<li><a href="Pressure%E2%80%93volume_diagram" title="Pressure–volume diagram">Pressure–volume diagram</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Echocardiography" title="Echocardiography">Ultrasound</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ventricle_(heart)#Dimensions" title="Ventricle (heart)">Fractional shortening</a> = (<a href="End-diastolic_dimension" class="mw-redirect" title="End-diastolic dimension">End-diastolic dimension</a></li>

<li><a href="End-systolic_dimension" class="mw-redirect" title="End-systolic dimension">End-systolic dimension</a>) / End-diastolic dimension</li>

<li><a href="Aortic_valve_area_calculation" title="Aortic valve area calculation">Aortic valve area calculation</a></li>

<li><a href="Ejection_fraction" title="Ejection fraction">Ejection fraction</a></li>

<li><a href="Cardiac_index" title="Cardiac index">Cardiac index</a></li>

<li><a href="Left_atrial_volume" title="Left atrial volume">Left atrial volume</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Heart_rate" title="Heart rate">Heart rate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cardiac_pacemaker" title="Cardiac pacemaker">Cardiac pacemaker</a></li>

<li><a href="Chronotropic" title="Chronotropic">Chronotropic</a> (<a href="Heart_rate" title="Heart rate">Heart rate</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Dromotropic" title="Dromotropic">Dromotropic</a> (<a href="Nerve_conduction_velocity" title="Nerve conduction velocity">Conduction velocity</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Inotrope" title="Inotrope">Inotropic</a> (Contractility)</li>

<li><a href="Bathmotropic" title="Bathmotropic">Bathmotropic</a> (Excitability)</li>

<li><a href="Lusitropy" title="Lusitropy">Lusitropic</a> (Relaxation)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conduction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cardiac_conduction_system" title="Cardiac conduction system">Conduction system</a></li>

<li><a href="Cardiac_electrophysiology" title="Cardiac electrophysiology">Cardiac electrophysiology</a></li>

<li>Action potential

<ul><li><a href="Cardiac_action_potential" title="Cardiac action potential">cardiac </a></li>

<li><a href="Atrial_action_potential" title="Atrial action potential">atrial</a></li>

<li><a href="Ventricular_action_potential" title="Ventricular action potential">ventricular</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Effective_refractory_period" title="Effective refractory period">Effective refractory period</a></li>

<li><a href="Pacemaker_potential" title="Pacemaker potential">Pacemaker potential</a></li>

<li><a href="Electrocardiography" title="Electrocardiography">Electrocardiography</a>

<li><a href="PR_interval" title="PR interval">PR interval</a></li>

<li><a href="QRS_complex" title="QRS complex">QRS complex</a></li>

<li><a href="QT_interval" title="QT interval">QT interval</a></li>

<li><a href="ST_segment" title="ST segment">ST segment</a></li>

<li><a href="Hexaxial_reference_system" title="Hexaxial reference system">Hexaxial reference system</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chamber pressure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Central_venous_pressure" title="Central venous pressure">Central venous</a></li>

<li>Right

<ul><li><a href="Right_atrial_pressure" title="Right atrial pressure">atrial</a></li>

<li><a href="Right_ventricular_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Right ventricular pressure">ventricular</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Pulmonary_artery_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulmonary artery pressure">pulmonary artery</a>

<ul><li><a href="Pulmonary_wedge_pressure" title="Pulmonary wedge pressure">wedge</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Left

<ul><li><a href="Pulmonary_wedge_pressure" title="Pulmonary wedge pressure">atrial</a></li>

<li><a href="Left_ventricular_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Left ventricular pressure">ventricular</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Aortic_pressure" title="Aortic pressure">Aortic</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ventricular_remodeling" title="Ventricular remodeling">Ventricular remodeling</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">/<br><a href="Hemodynamics" title="Hemodynamics">hemodynamics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Hemodynamics" title="Hemodynamics">Blood flow</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Compliance_(physiology)" title="Compliance (physiology)">Compliance</a></li>

<li><a href="Vascular_resistance" title="Vascular resistance">Vascular resistance</a></li>

<li><a href="Pulse" title="Pulse">Pulse</a></li>

<li><a href="Perfusion" title="Perfusion">Perfusion</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Blood_pressure" title="Blood pressure">Blood pressure</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Pulse_pressure" title="Pulse pressure">Pulse pressure</a>

<ul><li><a href="Systole" title="Systole">Systolic</a></li>

<li><a href="Diastole" title="Diastole">Diastolic</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Mean_arterial_pressure" title="Mean arterial pressure">Mean arterial pressure</a></li>

<li><a href="Jugular_venous_pressure" title="Jugular venous pressure">Jugular venous pressure</a></li>

<li><a href="Portal_venous_pressure" title="Portal venous pressure">Portal venous pressure</a></li>

<li><a href="Critical_closing_pressure" title="Critical closing pressure">Critical closing pressure</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Cardiovascular_physiology#Regulation_of_blood_pressure" title="Cardiovascular physiology">Regulation of BP</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Baroreflex" title="Baroreflex">Baroreflex</a></li>

<li><a href="Kinin%E2%80%93kallikrein_system" title="Kinin–kallikrein system">Kinin–kallikrein system</a></li>

<li><a href="Renin%E2%80%93angiotensin_system" title="Renin–angiotensin system">Renin–angiotensin system</a></li>

<li><a href="Vasoconstriction" title="Vasoconstriction">Vasoconstrictors</a></li>

<li><a href="Vasodilation" title="Vasodilation">Vasodilators</a></li>

<li><a href="Autoregulation" title="Autoregulation">Autoregulation</a>

<ul><li><a href="Myogenic_mechanism" title="Myogenic mechanism">Myogenic mechanism</a></li>

<li><a href="Tubuloglomerular_feedback" title="Tubuloglomerular feedback">Tubuloglomerular feedback</a></li>

<li><a href="Cerebral_autoregulation" title="Cerebral autoregulation">Cerebral autoregulation</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Paraganglion" title="Paraganglion">Paraganglia</a>

<ul><li><a href="Aortic_body" title="Aortic body">Aortic body</a></li>

<li><a href="Carotid_body" title="Carotid body">Carotid body</a></li>

<li><a href="Glomus_cell" title="Glomus cell">Glomus cell</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Development_of_the_circulatory_system160" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Development_of_the_circulatory_system160" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Development of the </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Heart_development" title="Heart development">Heart</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Tubular_heart" title="Tubular heart">Tubular heart</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Truncus_arteriosus" title="Truncus arteriosus">Truncus arteriosus</a></li>

<li><a href="Bulbus_cordis" title="Bulbus cordis">Bulbus cordis</a></li>

<li><a href="Primitive_ventricle" title="Primitive ventricle">Primitive ventricle</a></li>

<li><a href="Primitive_atrium" title="Primitive atrium">Primitive atrium</a></li>

<li><a href="Sinus_venosus" title="Sinus venosus">Sinus venosus</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chamber formation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Atrioventricular

<ul><li><a href="Primary_interventricular_foramen" title="Primary interventricular foramen">Primary interventricular foramen</a></li>

<li><a href="Endocardial_cushions" title="Endocardial cushions">Endocardial cushions</a></li>

<li><a href="Septum_intermedium" title="Septum intermedium">Septum intermedium</a></li>

<li><a href="Atrioventricular_canal" title="Atrioventricular canal">Atrioventricular canal</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Atrial

<ul><li><a href="Septum_primum" title="Septum primum">Septum primum</a></li>

<li><a href="Foramen_secundum" title="Foramen secundum">Foramen secundum</a></li>

<li><a href="Primary_interatrial_foramen" title="Primary interatrial foramen">Primary interatrial foramen</a></li>

<li><a href="Septum_secundum" title="Septum secundum">Septum secundum</a></li>

<li><a href="Foramen_ovale_(heart)" title="Foramen ovale (heart)">Foramen ovale</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Aorticopulmonary_septum" title="Aorticopulmonary septum">Aorticopulmonary septum</a></li>

<li><a href="Protein_signalling_in_heart_development" title="Protein signalling in heart development">Protein signalling in heart development</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vessels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Angiogenesis" title="Angiogenesis">Arteries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Dorsal_aorta" title="Dorsal aorta">Dorsal aorta</a></li>

<li><a href="Aortic_arches" title="Aortic arches">Aortic arches</a></li>

<li><a href="Aortic_sac" title="Aortic sac">Aortic sac</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Vasculogenesis" title="Vasculogenesis">Veins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Anterior_cardinal_vein" title="Anterior cardinal vein">Anterior cardinal vein</a></li>

<li><a href="Posterior_cardinal_vein" title="Posterior cardinal vein">Posterior cardinal vein</a></li>

<li><a href="Common_cardinal_veins" title="Common cardinal veins">Common cardinal veins</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Lymphangiogenesis" title="Lymphangiogenesis">Lymph vessels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Lymph_sacs" title="Lymph sacs">Lymph sacs</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Vascular_remodelling_in_the_embryo" title="Vascular remodelling in the embryo">Vascular remodelling in the embryo</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Extraembryonic<br><a href="Haematopoiesis#Locations" title="Haematopoiesis">hemangiogenesis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Blood_islands" title="Blood islands">Blood islands</a></li>

<li><a href="Chorion" title="Chorion">Chorion</a></li>

<li><a href="Connecting_stalk" title="Connecting stalk">Connecting stalk</a></li>

<li><a href="Placenta" title="Placenta">Placenta</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Fetal_circulation" title="Fetal circulation">Fetal circulation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Umbilical_cord" title="Umbilical cord">umbilical cord</a>: <a href="Umbilical_vein" title="Umbilical vein">Umbilical vein</a> → <a href="Ductus_venosus" title="Ductus venosus">Ductus venosus</a> → <a href="Inferior_vena_cava" title="Inferior vena cava">Inferior vena cava</a> → <a href="Heart" title="Heart">Heart</a> → <a href="Pulmonary_artery" title="Pulmonary artery">Pulmonary artery</a> → <a href="Ductus_arteriosus" title="Ductus arteriosus">Ductus arteriosus</a> → <a href="Aorta" title="Aorta">Aorta</a> → <a href="Umbilical_artery" title="Umbilical artery">Umbilical artery</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Yolk_sac" title="Yolk sac">yolk sac</a>: <a href="Vitelline_veins" title="Vitelline veins">Vitelline veins</a></li>

<li><a href="Vitelline_arteries" title="Vitelline arteries">Vitelline arteries</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cardiovascular_disease_(heart)135" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Cardiovascular_disease_(heart)135" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Cardiovascular_disease" title="Cardiovascular disease">Cardiovascular disease</a> (heart)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Ischemia" title="Ischemia">Ischemia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Coronary disease</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Coronary_artery_disease" title="Coronary artery disease">Coronary artery disease</a> (CAD)</li>

<li><a href="Coronary_artery_aneurysm" title="Coronary artery aneurysm">Coronary artery aneurysm</a></li>

<li><a href="Spontaneous_coronary_artery_dissection" title="Spontaneous coronary artery dissection">Spontaneous coronary artery dissection</a> (SCAD)</li>

<li><a href="Coronary_thrombosis" title="Coronary thrombosis">Coronary thrombosis</a></li>

<li><a href="Coronary_vasospasm" title="Coronary vasospasm">Coronary vasospasm</a></li>

<li><a href="Myocardial_bridge" title="Myocardial bridge">Myocardial bridge</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active ischemia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Angina" title="Angina">Angina pectoris</a>

<ul><li><a href="Prinzmetal's_angina" class="mw-redirect" title="Prinzmetal's angina">Prinzmetal's angina</a></li>

<li><a href="Stable_angina" class="mw-redirect" title="Stable angina">Stable angina</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Acute_coronary_syndrome" title="Acute coronary syndrome">Acute coronary syndrome</a>

<ul><li><a href="Myocardial_infarction" title="Myocardial infarction">Myocardial infarction</a></li>

<li><a href="Unstable_angina" title="Unstable angina">Unstable angina</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Myocardial_infarction_complications" title="Myocardial infarction complications">Sequelae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i>hours</i>

<ul><li><a href="Hibernating_myocardium" title="Hibernating myocardium">Hibernating myocardium</a></li>

<li><a href="Myocardial_stunning" title="Myocardial stunning">Myocardial stunning</a></li></ul></li>

<ul><li><a href="Myocardial_rupture" title="Myocardial rupture">Myocardial rupture</a></li></ul></li>

<li><i>weeks</i>

<ul><li><a href="Ventricular_aneurysm" title="Ventricular aneurysm">Ventricular aneurysm</a></li>

<li><a href="Dressler_syndrome" title="Dressler syndrome">Dressler syndrome</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Layers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Pericardium" title="Pericardium">Pericardium</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Pericarditis" title="Pericarditis">Pericarditis</a>

<ul><li><a href="Acute_pericarditis" title="Acute pericarditis">Acute</a></li>

<li><a href="Pericarditis#Acute_vs._chronic" title="Pericarditis">Chronic</a> / <a href="Constrictive_pericarditis" title="Constrictive pericarditis">Constrictive</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Pericardial_effusion" title="Pericardial effusion">Pericardial effusion</a>

<ul><li><a href="Cardiac_tamponade" title="Cardiac tamponade">Cardiac tamponade</a></li>

<li><a href="Hemopericardium" title="Hemopericardium">Hemopericardium</a></li></ul></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Myocarditis" title="Myocarditis">Myocarditis</a>

<ul><li><a href="Chagas_disease" title="Chagas disease">Chagas disease</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Cardiomyopathy" title="Cardiomyopathy">Cardiomyopathy</a>

<ul><li><a href="Dilated_cardiomyopathy" title="Dilated cardiomyopathy">Dilated</a>

<ul><li><a href="Alcoholic_cardiomyopathy" title="Alcoholic cardiomyopathy">Alcoholic</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Hypertrophic_cardiomyopathy" title="Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy">Hypertrophic</a></li>

<li><a href="Tachycardia-induced_cardiomyopathy" title="Tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy">Tachycardia-induced</a></li>

<li><a href="Restrictive_cardiomyopathy" title="Restrictive cardiomyopathy">Restrictive</a></li>

<li><a href="Loeffler_endocarditis" title="Loeffler endocarditis">Loeffler endocarditis</a></li>

<li><a href="Amyloidosis" title="Amyloidosis">Cardiac amyloidosis</a></li>

<li><a href="Endocardial_fibroelastosis" title="Endocardial fibroelastosis">Endocardial fibroelastosis</a></li>

<li><a href="Viral_cardiomyopathy" title="Viral cardiomyopathy">Viral</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Arrhythmogenic_right_ventricular_dysplasia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia">Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Endocardium" title="Endocardium">Endocardium</a> /<br> <a href="Valvular_heart_disease" title="Valvular heart disease">valves</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Endocarditis" title="Endocarditis">Endocarditis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Infective_endocarditis" title="Infective endocarditis">infective endocarditis</a></i>

<ul><li><a href="Subacute_bacterial_endocarditis" title="Subacute bacterial endocarditis">Subacute bacterial endocarditis</a></li></ul></li>

<li><i><a href="Endocarditis#Non-infective_endocarditis" title="Endocarditis">non-infective endocarditis</a></i>

<ul><li><a href="Libman%E2%80%93Sacks_endocarditis" title="Libman–Sacks endocarditis">Libman–Sacks endocarditis</a></li>

<li><a href="Nonbacterial_thrombotic_endocarditis" title="Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis">Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Valves</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Mitral_valve" title="Mitral valve">mitral</a></i>

<ul><li><a href="Mitral_valve_prolapse" title="Mitral valve prolapse">prolapse</a></li>

<li><a href="Mitral_valve_stenosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitral valve stenosis">stenosis</a></li>

<li><a href="Mitral_regurgitation" title="Mitral regurgitation">regurgitation</a></li></ul></li>

<li><i><a href="Aortic_valve" title="Aortic valve">aortic</a></i>

<ul><li><a href="Aortic_stenosis" title="Aortic stenosis">stenosis</a></li>

<li><a href="Aortic_regurgitation" title="Aortic regurgitation">regurgitation</a></li></ul></li>

<li><i><a href="Tricuspid_valve" title="Tricuspid valve">tricuspid</a></i>

<ul><li><a href="Tricuspid_valve_stenosis" title="Tricuspid valve stenosis">stenosis</a></li>

<li><a href="Tricuspid_regurgitation" title="Tricuspid regurgitation">regurgitation</a></li></ul></li>

<li><i><a href="Pulmonary_valve" title="Pulmonary valve">pulmonary</a></i>

<ul><li><a href="Pulmonary_valve_stenosis" title="Pulmonary valve stenosis">stenosis</a></li>

<li><a href="Pulmonary_regurgitation" title="Pulmonary regurgitation">regurgitation</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Cardiac_conduction_system" title="Cardiac conduction system">Conduction</a> /<br> <a href="Arrhythmia" title="Arrhythmia">arrhythmia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Bradycardia" title="Bradycardia">Bradycardia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Sinus_bradycardia" title="Sinus bradycardia">Sinus bradycardia</a></li>

<li><a href="Sick_sinus_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Sick sinus syndrome">Sick sinus syndrome</a></li>

<li><a href="Heart_block" title="Heart block">Heart block</a>: <a href="Sinoatrial_block" title="Sinoatrial block">Sinoatrial</a></li>

<li><a href="Intraventricular_block" title="Intraventricular block">Intraventricular</a></li>

<li><a href="Bundle_branch_block" title="Bundle branch block">Bundle branch block</a>

<ul><li><a href="Right_bundle_branch_block" title="Right bundle branch block">Right</a></li>

<li><a href="Left_anterior_fascicular_block" title="Left anterior fascicular block">Left anterior fascicle</a></li>

<li><a href="Left_posterior_fascicular_block" title="Left posterior fascicular block">Left posterior fascicle</a></li>

<li><a href="Bifascicular_block" title="Bifascicular block">Bifascicular</a></li>

<li><a href="Trifascicular_block" title="Trifascicular block">Trifascicular</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Adams%E2%80%93Stokes_syndrome" title="Adams–Stokes syndrome">Adams–Stokes syndrome</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Tachycardia" title="Tachycardia">Tachycardia</a><br> (<a href="Paroxysmal_tachycardia" title="Paroxysmal tachycardia">paroxysmal</a> and <a href="Sinus_tachycardia" title="Sinus tachycardia">sinus</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Supraventricular_tachycardia" title="Supraventricular tachycardia">Supraventricular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Atrial_tachycardia" title="Atrial tachycardia">Atrial</a>

<ul><li><a href="Multifocal_atrial_tachycardia" title="Multifocal atrial tachycardia">Multifocal</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Junctional_tachycardia" title="Junctional tachycardia">Junctional</a>

<ul><li><a href="AV_nodal_reentrant_tachycardia" title="AV nodal reentrant tachycardia">AV nodal reentrant</a></li>

<li><a href="Junctional_ectopic_tachycardia" title="Junctional ectopic tachycardia">Junctional ectopic</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Ventricular_tachycardia" title="Ventricular tachycardia">Ventricular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Accelerated_idioventricular_rhythm" title="Accelerated idioventricular rhythm">Accelerated idioventricular rhythm</a></li>

<li><a href="Catecholaminergic_polymorphic_ventricular_tachycardia" title="Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia">Catecholaminergic polymorphic</a></li>

<li><a href="Torsades_de_pointes" title="Torsades de pointes">Torsades de pointes</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Premature contraction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Premature_atrial_contraction" title="Premature atrial contraction">Atrial</a></li>

<li><a href="Premature_junctional_contraction" title="Premature junctional contraction">Junctional</a></li>

<li><a href="Premature_ventricular_contraction" title="Premature ventricular contraction">Ventricular</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Pre-excitation_syndrome" title="Pre-excitation syndrome">Pre-excitation syndrome</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Lown%E2%80%93Ganong%E2%80%93Levine_syndrome" title="Lown–Ganong–Levine syndrome">Lown–Ganong–Levine</a></li>

<li><a href="Wolff%E2%80%93Parkinson%E2%80%93White_syndrome" title="Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome">Wolff–Parkinson–White</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Flutter / <a href="Fibrillation" title="Fibrillation">fibrillation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Atrial_flutter" title="Atrial flutter">Atrial flutter</a></li>

<li><a href="Ventricular_flutter" title="Ventricular flutter">Ventricular flutter</a></li>

<li><a href="Atrial_fibrillation" title="Atrial fibrillation">Atrial fibrillation</a>

<ul><li><a href="Familial_atrial_fibrillation" title="Familial atrial fibrillation">Familial</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Ventricular_fibrillation" title="Ventricular fibrillation">Ventricular fibrillation</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Artificial_cardiac_pacemaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial cardiac pacemaker">Pacemaker</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ectopic_pacemaker" title="Ectopic pacemaker">Ectopic pacemaker</a> / <a href="Ectopic_beat" title="Ectopic beat">Ectopic beat</a></li>

<li><a href="Multifocal_atrial_tachycardia" title="Multifocal atrial tachycardia">Multifocal atrial tachycardia</a></li>

<li><a href="Pacemaker_syndrome" title="Pacemaker syndrome">Pacemaker syndrome</a></li>

<li><a href="Parasystole" title="Parasystole">Parasystole</a></li>

<li><a href="Wandering_atrial_pacemaker" title="Wandering atrial pacemaker">Wandering atrial pacemaker</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Long_QT_syndrome" title="Long QT syndrome">Long QT syndrome</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Andersen%E2%80%93Tawil_syndrome" title="Andersen–Tawil syndrome">Andersen–Tawil</a></li>

<li><a href="Jervell_and_Lange-Nielsen_syndrome" title="Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome">Jervell and Lange-Nielsen</a></li>

<li><a href="Romano%E2%80%93Ward_syndrome" title="Romano–Ward syndrome">Romano–Ward</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Cardiac_arrest" title="Cardiac arrest">Cardiac arrest</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cardiac_arrest" title="Cardiac arrest">Sudden cardiac death</a></li>

<li><a href="Asystole" title="Asystole">Asystole</a></li>

<li><a href="Pulseless_electrical_activity" title="Pulseless electrical activity">Pulseless electrical activity</a></li>

<li><a href="Sinoatrial_arrest" title="Sinoatrial arrest">Sinoatrial arrest</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other / ungrouped</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Hexaxial_reference_system" title="Hexaxial reference system">hexaxial reference system</a></i>

<ul><li><a href="Right_axis_deviation" title="Right axis deviation">Right axis deviation</a></li>

<li><a href="Left_axis_deviation" title="Left axis deviation">Left axis deviation</a></li></ul></li>

<ul><li><a href="Short_QT_syndrome" title="Short QT syndrome">Short QT syndrome</a></li></ul></li>

<ul><li><a href="T_wave_alternans" title="T wave alternans">T wave alternans</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="ST_elevation" title="ST elevation">ST elevation</a></li>

<li><a href="ST_depression" title="ST depression">ST depression</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Strain_pattern" title="Strain pattern">Strain pattern</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Cardiomegaly" title="Cardiomegaly">Cardiomegaly</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ventricular_hypertrophy" title="Ventricular hypertrophy">Ventricular hypertrophy</a>

<li><a href="Right_ventricular_hypertrophy" title="Right ventricular hypertrophy">Right</a></li>

<li><a href="Pulmonary_heart_disease" title="Pulmonary heart disease">Pulmonary</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Atrial_enlargement" title="Atrial enlargement">Atrial enlargement</a>

<li><a href="Right_atrial_enlargement" title="Right atrial enlargement">Right</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Athletic_heart_syndrome" title="Athletic heart syndrome">Athletic heart syndrome</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Cardiac_fibrosis" title="Cardiac fibrosis">Cardiac fibrosis</a></li>

<li><a href="Heart_failure" title="Heart failure">Heart failure</a>

<ul><li><a href="Diastolic_heart_failure" class="mw-redirect" title="Diastolic heart failure">Diastolic heart failure</a></li>

<li><a href="Cardiac_asthma" title="Cardiac asthma">Cardiac asthma</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Rheumatic_fever" title="Rheumatic fever">Rheumatic fever</a></li>

<li><a href="Obstructive_shock" title="Obstructive shock">Obstructive shock</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Human_systems_and_organs393" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Human_systems_and_organs393" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Human_body" title="Human body">Human systems</a> and <a href="Organ_(biology)" title="Organ (biology)">organs</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Human_musculoskeletal_system" title="Human musculoskeletal system">Musculoskeletal system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Human_skeleton" title="Human skeleton">Skeletal system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Carpal_bones" title="Carpal bones">Carpus</a></li>

<li><a href="Clavicle" title="Clavicle">Collar bone</a> (clavicle)</li>

<li><a href="Femur" title="Femur">Thigh bone</a> (femur)</li>

<li><a href="Fibula" title="Fibula">Fibula</a></li>

<li><a href="Humerus" title="Humerus">Humerus</a></li>

<li><a href="Mandible" title="Mandible">Mandible</a></li>

<li><a href="Metacarpal_bones" title="Metacarpal bones">Metacarpus</a></li>

<li><a href="Metatarsal_bones" title="Metatarsal bones">Metatarsus</a></li>

<li><a href="Ossicles" title="Ossicles">Ossicles</a></li>

<li><a href="Patella" title="Patella">Patella</a></li>

<li><a href="Phalanx_bone" title="Phalanx bone">Phalanges</a></li>

<li><a href="Radius_(bone)" title="Radius (bone)">Radius</a></li>

<li><a href="Skull#Humans" title="Skull">Skull</a></li>

<li><a href="Tarsus_(skeleton)" title="Tarsus (skeleton)">Tarsus</a></li>

<li><a href="Tibia" title="Tibia">Tibia</a></li>

<li><a href="Vertebral_column" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebral column">Vertebra</a></li>

<li><a href="Pelvis" title="Pelvis">Pelvis</a></li>

<li><a href="Sternum" title="Sternum">Sternum</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Cartilage" title="Cartilage">Cartilage</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Joint" title="Joint">Joints</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Fibrous_joint" title="Fibrous joint">Fibrous joint</a></li>

<li><a href="Cartilaginous_joint" title="Cartilaginous joint">Cartilaginous joint</a></li>

<li><a href="Synovial_joint" title="Synovial joint">Synovial joint</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Muscular_system" title="Muscular system">Muscular system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Muscle" title="Muscle">Muscle</a></li>

<li><a href="Tendon" title="Tendon">Tendon</a></li>

<li><a href="Thoracic_diaphragm" title="Thoracic diaphragm">Diaphragm</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><i>peripheral</i>

<ul><li><a href="Artery" title="Artery">Artery</a></li>

<li><a href="Lymphatic_vessel" title="Lymphatic vessel">Lymphatic vessel</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Heart" title="Heart">Heart</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Lymphatic_system" title="Lymphatic system">Lymphatic system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i>primary</i>

<ul><li><a href="Bone_marrow" title="Bone marrow">Bone marrow</a></li>

<li><a href="Thymus" title="Thymus">Thymus</a></li></ul></li>

<li><i>secondary</i>

<ul><li><a href="Spleen" title="Spleen">Spleen</a></li>

<li><a href="Lymph_node" title="Lymph node">Lymph node</a></li></ul></li>

<li><i>CNS equivalent</i>

<ul><li><a href="Glymphatic_system" title="Glymphatic system">Glymphatic system</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">Nervous system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Human_brain" title="Human brain">Brain</a></li>

<li><a href="Spinal_cord" title="Spinal cord">Spinal cord</a></li>

<li><a href="Nerve" title="Nerve">Nerve</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Sensory_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensory system">Sensory system</a>

<li><a href="Somatic_nervous_system" title="Somatic nervous system">Somatic system</a></li>

<li><a href="Nervous_tissue" title="Nervous tissue">Tissue</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Integumentary_system" title="Integumentary system">Integumentary system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Subcutaneous_tissue" title="Subcutaneous tissue">Subcutaneous tissue</a></li>

<li><a href="Breast" title="Breast">Breast</a>

<ul><li><a href="Mammary_gland" title="Mammary gland">Mammary gland</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Haematopoietic_system" title="Haematopoietic system">Haematopoietic</a> and <a href="Immune_system" title="Immune system">immune systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Myeloid" class="mw-redirect" title="Myeloid">Myeloid</a>

<ul><li><a href="Immune_system" title="Immune system">Myeloid immune system</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Lymphocyte" title="Lymphocyte">Lymphoid</a>

<ul><li><a href="Immune_system" title="Immune system">Lymphoid immune system</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Respiratory_system" title="Respiratory system">Respiratory system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Respiratory_tract#Upper_respiratory_tract" title="Respiratory tract">Upper</a>

<li><a href="Pharynx#Nasopharynx" title="Pharynx">Nasopharynx</a></li>

<li><a href="Larynx" title="Larynx">Larynx</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Respiratory_tract#Lower_respiratory_tract" title="Respiratory tract">Lower</a>

<ul><li><a href="Trachea" title="Trachea">Trachea</a></li>

<li><a href="Bronchus" title="Bronchus">Bronchus</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Human_digestive_system" title="Human digestive system">Digestive system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Human_mouth" title="Human mouth">Mouth</a>

<ul><li><a href="Salivary_gland" title="Salivary gland">Salivary gland</a></li>

<li><a href="Tongue" title="Tongue">Tongue</a></li>

<li><a href="Human_tooth" title="Human tooth">Tooth</a></li></ul></li>

<li><i>upper GI</i>

<ul><li><a href="Pharynx" title="Pharynx">Oropharynx</a></li>

<li><a href="Pharynx" title="Pharynx">Laryngopharynx</a></li>

<li><a href="Esophagus" title="Esophagus">Esophagus</a></li>

<li><a href="Stomach" title="Stomach">Stomach</a></li></ul></li>

<li><i>lower GI</i>

<ul><li><a href="Small_intestine" title="Small intestine">Small intestine</a></li>

<li><a href="Appendix_(anatomy)" title="Appendix (anatomy)">Appendix</a></li>

<li><a href="Large_intestine#Structure" title="Large intestine">Colon</a></li>

<li><a href="Rectum" title="Rectum">Rectum</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Human_digestive_system" title="Human digestive system">accessory</a></i>

<ul><li><a href="Liver" title="Liver">Liver</a></li>

<li><a href="Biliary_tract" title="Biliary tract">Biliary tract</a></li>

<li><a href="Pancreas" title="Pancreas">Pancreas</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Urinary_system" title="Urinary system">Urinary system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Genitourinary_system" title="Genitourinary system">Genitourinary system</a></li>

<li><a href="Kidney" title="Kidney">Kidney</a></li>

<li><a href="Ureter" title="Ureter">Ureter</a></li>

<li><a href="Urinary_bladder" class="mw-redirect" title="Urinary bladder">Bladder</a></li>

<li><a href="Urethra" title="Urethra">Urethra</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Human_reproductive_system" title="Human reproductive system">Reproductive system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Scrotum" title="Scrotum">Scrotum</a></li>

<li><a href="Human_penis" title="Human penis">Penis</a></li>

<li><a href="Prostate" title="Prostate">Prostate</a></li>

<li><a href="Testicle" title="Testicle">Testicle</a></li>

<li><a href="Seminal_vesicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Seminal vesicle">Seminal vesicle</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Female_reproductive_system" title="Female reproductive system">Female</a>

<ul><li><a href="Uterus" title="Uterus">Uterus</a></li>

<li><a href="Vagina" title="Vagina">Vagina</a></li>

<li><a href="Vulva" title="Vulva">Vulva</a></li>

<li><a href="Ovary" title="Ovary">Ovary</a></li>

<li><a href="Placenta" title="Placenta">Placenta</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Endocrine_system" title="Endocrine system">Endocrine system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Pituitary_gland" title="Pituitary gland">Pituitary</a></li>

<li><a href="Pineal_gland" title="Pineal gland">Pineal</a></li>

<li><a href="Thyroid" title="Thyroid">Thyroid</a></li>

<li><a href="Parathyroid_gland" title="Parathyroid gland">Parathyroid</a></li>

<li><a href="Adrenal_gland" title="Adrenal gland">Adrenal</a></li>

<li><a href="Pancreatic_islets" title="Pancreatic islets">Islets of Langerhans</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Underwater_diving1383" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Underwater_diving1383" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Underwater_diving" title="Underwater diving">Underwater diving</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><a href="Diving_activities" title="Diving activities">Diving activities</a></li>

<li><a href="Diving_mode" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving mode">Diving modes</a>

<ul><li><a href="Atmospheric_pressure_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmospheric pressure diving">Atmospheric pressure diving</a></li>

<li><a href="Freediving" title="Freediving">Freediving</a></li>

<li><a href="Saturation_diving" title="Saturation diving">Saturation diving</a></li>

<li><a href="Scuba_diving" title="Scuba diving">Scuba diving</a></li>

<li><a href="Snorkeling" title="Snorkeling">Snorkeling</a></li>

<li><a href="Surface_oriented_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Surface oriented diving">Surface oriented diving</a></li>

<li><a href="Surface-supplied_diving" title="Surface-supplied diving">Surface-supplied diving</a></li>

<li><a href="Unmanned_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Unmanned diving">Unmanned diving</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Diving_equipment1383" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Diving_equipment" title="Diving equipment">Diving equipment</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cleaning_and_disinfection_of_personal_diving_equipment" title="Cleaning and disinfection of personal diving equipment">Cleaning and disinfection of personal diving equipment</a></li>

<li><a href="Human_factors_in_diving_equipment_design" title="Human factors in diving equipment design">Human factors in diving equipment design</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_diving_equipment_manufacturers" title="List of diving equipment manufacturers">List of diving equipment manufacturers</a></li></ul>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Basic equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Diving_mask" title="Diving mask">Diving mask</a></li>

<li><a href="Snorkel_(swimming)" title="Snorkel (swimming)">Snorkel</a></li>

<li><a href="Swimfin" title="Swimfin">Swimfin</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Breathing_gas" title="Breathing gas">Breathing gas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bailout_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bailout gas">Bailout gas</a></li>

<li><a href="Bottom_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bottom gas">Bottom gas</a></li>

<li><a href="Breathing_air" class="mw-redirect" title="Breathing air">Breathing air</a></li>

<li><a href="Decompression_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Decompression gas">Decompression gas</a></li>

<li><a href="Emergency_gas_supply" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency gas supply">Emergency gas supply</a></li>

<li><a href="Heliox" title="Heliox">Heliox</a></li>

<li><a href="Hydreliox" title="Hydreliox">Hydreliox</a></li>

<li><a href="Hydrox_(breathing_gas)" title="Hydrox (breathing gas)">Hydrox</a></li>

<li><a href="Nitrox" title="Nitrox">Nitrox</a></li>

<li><a href="Oxygen" title="Oxygen">Oxygen</a></li>

<li><a href="Travel_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Travel gas">Travel gas</a></li>

<li><a href="Trimix_(breathing_gas)" title="Trimix (breathing gas)">Trimix</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Buoyancy and<br>trim equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Avelo_diving_system" title="Avelo diving system">Avelo diving system</a></li>

<li><a href="Buoyancy_compensator_(diving)" title="Buoyancy compensator (diving)">Buoyancy compensator</a>

<ul><li><a href="Power_inflator" class="mw-redirect" title="Power inflator">Power inflator</a></li>

<li><a href="Dump_valve_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dump valve (diving)">Dump valve</a></li>

<li><a href="Variable_buoyancy_pressure_vessel" class="mw-redirect" title="Variable buoyancy pressure vessel">Variable buoyancy pressure vessel</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Diving_weighting_system" title="Diving weighting system">Diving weighting system</a>

<ul><li><a href="Ankle_weights_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ankle weights (diving)">Ankle weights</a></li>

<li><a href="Integrated_weights" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated weights">Integrated weights</a></li>

<li><a href="Trim_weights_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trim weights (diving)">Trim weights</a></li>

<li><a href="Weight_belt" class="mw-redirect" title="Weight belt">Weight belt</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Decompression_equipment" title="Decompression equipment">Decompression<br>equipment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Decompression_buoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Decompression buoy">Decompression buoy</a></li>

<li><a href="Decompression_chamber" class="mw-redirect" title="Decompression chamber">Decompression chamber</a></li>

<li><a href="Decompression_cylinder" class="mw-redirect" title="Decompression cylinder">Decompression cylinder</a></li>

<li><a href="Decompression_trapeze" class="mw-redirect" title="Decompression trapeze">Decompression trapeze</a></li>

<li><a href="Dive_computer" title="Dive computer">Dive computer</a></li>

<li><a href="Diving_bell" title="Diving bell">Diving bell</a></li>

<li><a href="Diving_shot" title="Diving shot">Diving shot</a></li>

<li><a href="Diving_stage" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving stage">Diving stage</a></li>

<li><a href="Jersey_upline" class="mw-redirect" title="Jersey upline">Jersey upline</a></li>

<li><a href="Jonline" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonline">Jonline</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Diving_suit" title="Diving suit">Diving suit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Atmospheric_diving_suit" title="Atmospheric diving suit">Atmospheric diving suit</a>

<li><a href="Newtsuit" title="Newtsuit">Newtsuit</a></li></ul></li>

<ul><li><a href="Sladen_suit" class="mw-redirect" title="Sladen suit">Sladen suit</a></li>

<li><a href="Standard_diving_suit" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard diving suit">Standard diving suit</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Wetsuit" title="Wetsuit">Wetsuit</a>

<ul><li><a href="Dive_skins" class="mw-redirect" title="Dive skins">Dive skins</a></li>

<li><a href="Hot-water_suit" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot-water suit">Hot-water suit</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Helmets<br>and masks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Diving_helmet" title="Diving helmet">Diving helmet</a>

<ul><li><a href="Free-flow_helmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-flow helmet">Free-flow helmet</a></li>

<li><a href="Lightweight_demand_helmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Lightweight demand helmet">Lightweight demand helmet</a></li>

<li><a href="Orinasal_mask" title="Orinasal mask">Orinasal mask</a></li>

<li><a href="Reclaim_helmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Reclaim helmet">Reclaim helmet</a></li>

<li><a href="Shallow_water_helmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Shallow water helmet">Shallow water helmet</a></li>

<li><a href="Standard_diving_helmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard diving helmet">Standard diving helmet</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Diving_mask" title="Diving mask">Diving mask</a>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Instrumentation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bottom_timer" class="mw-redirect" title="Bottom timer">Bottom timer</a></li>

<li><a href="Depth_gauge" title="Depth gauge">Depth gauge</a></li>

<li><a href="Dive_computer" title="Dive computer">Dive computer</a></li>

<li><a href="Dive_timer" class="mw-redirect" title="Dive timer">Dive timer</a></li>

<li><a href="Diving_watch" title="Diving watch">Diving watch</a>

<ul><li><a href="Helium_release_valve" title="Helium release valve">Helium release valve</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Electro-galvanic_oxygen_sensor" title="Electro-galvanic oxygen sensor">Electro-galvanic oxygen sensor</a></li>

<li><a href="Pneumofathometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Pneumofathometer">Pneumofathometer</a></li>

<li><a href="Submersible_pressure_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Submersible pressure gauge">Submersible pressure gauge</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mobility<br>equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Diver_propulsion_vehicle" title="Diver propulsion vehicle">Diver propulsion vehicle</a>

<ul><li><a href="Human_torpedo" title="Human torpedo">Human torpedo</a></li>

<li><a href="Diving_bell" title="Diving bell">Diving bell</a>

<ul><li><a href="Closed_bell" class="mw-redirect" title="Closed bell">Closed bell</a></li>

<li><a href="Diving_stage" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving stage">Diving stage</a></li>

<li><a href="Swimfin" title="Swimfin">Swimfin</a>

<ul><li><a href="Monofin" title="Monofin">Monofin</a></li>

<li><a href="PowerSwim" title="PowerSwim">PowerSwim</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Towboard" title="Towboard">Towboard</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Safety<br>equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Alternative_air_source" title="Alternative air source">Alternative air source</a>

<ul><li><a href="Octopus_regulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Octopus regulator">Octopus regulator</a></li>

<li><a href="Pony_bottle" title="Pony bottle">Pony bottle</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Buddy_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddy line">Buddy line</a></li>

<li><a href="Dive_light" title="Dive light">Dive light</a></li>

<li><a href="Diver's_cutting_tool" class="mw-redirect" title="Diver's cutting tool">Diver's cutting tool</a>

<ul><li><a href="Diver's_knife" class="mw-redirect" title="Diver's knife">Diver's knife</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Diver's_telephone" class="mw-redirect" title="Diver's telephone">Diver's telephone</a></li>

<li><a href="Through-water_communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Through-water communications">Through-water communications</a>

<ul><li><a href="Underwater_acoustic_communication" title="Underwater acoustic communication">Underwater acoustic communication</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Diving_bell" title="Diving bell">Diving bell</a></li>

<li><a href="Diving_safety_harness" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving safety harness">Diving safety harness</a></li>

<li><a href="Emergency_gas_supply" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency gas supply">Emergency gas supply</a>

<ul><li><a href="Bailout_block" class="mw-redirect" title="Bailout block">Bailout block</a></li>

<li><a href="Bailout_bottle" title="Bailout bottle">Bailout bottle</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Lifeline_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lifeline (diving)">Lifeline</a>

<ul><li><a href="Screw_gate_carabiner" class="mw-redirect" title="Screw gate carabiner">Screw gate carabiner</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Emergency_locator_beacon" title="Emergency locator beacon">Emergency locator beacon</a></li>

<li><a href="Rescue_tether" class="mw-redirect" title="Rescue tether">Rescue tether</a></li>

<li><a href="Safety_helmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Safety helmet">Safety helmet</a></li>

<li><a href="Shark-proof_cage" class="mw-redirect" title="Shark-proof cage">Shark-proof cage</a></li>

<li><a href="Snoopy_loop" class="mw-redirect" title="Snoopy loop">Snoopy loop</a></li>

<li>Navigation equipment

<ul><li><a href="Distance_line" title="Distance line">Distance line</a></li>

<li><a href="Diving_compass" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving compass">Diving compass</a></li>

<li><a href="Line_marker" title="Line marker">Line marker</a></li>

<li><a href="Surface_marker_buoy" title="Surface marker buoy">Surface marker buoy</a></li>

<li><a href="Silt_screw" class="mw-redirect" title="Silt screw">Silt screw</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Underwater_breathing_apparatus" title="Underwater breathing apparatus">Underwater<br>breathing<br>apparatus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Atmospheric_diving_suit" title="Atmospheric diving suit">Atmospheric diving suit</a></li>

<li><a href="Diving_cylinder" title="Diving cylinder">Diving cylinder</a>

<ul><li><a href="Burst_disc" class="mw-redirect" title="Burst disc">Burst disc</a></li>

<li><a href="Scuba_cylinder_valve" title="Scuba cylinder valve">Scuba cylinder valve</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Diving_helmet" title="Diving helmet">Diving helmet</a>

<ul><li><a href="Reclaim_helmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Reclaim helmet">Reclaim helmet</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Diving_regulator" title="Diving regulator">Diving regulator</a>

<ul><li><a href="Mechanism_of_diving_regulators" title="Mechanism of diving regulators">Mechanism of diving regulators</a></li>

<li><a href="Regulator_malfunction" class="mw-redirect" title="Regulator malfunction">Regulator malfunction</a>

<ul><li><a href="Regulator_freeze" class="mw-redirect" title="Regulator freeze">Regulator freeze</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Single-hose_regulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-hose regulator">Single-hose regulator</a></li>

<li><a href="Twin-hose_regulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Twin-hose regulator">Twin-hose regulator</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Full-face_diving_mask" title="Full-face diving mask">Full-face diving mask</a></li></ul>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Open-circuit_scuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Open-circuit scuba">Open-circuit<br>scuba</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Scuba_set" title="Scuba set">Scuba set</a>

<ul><li><a href="Bailout_bottle" title="Bailout bottle">Bailout bottle</a></li>

<li><a href="Decompression_cylinder" class="mw-redirect" title="Decompression cylinder">Decompression cylinder</a></li>

<li><a href="Independent_doubles" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent doubles">Independent doubles</a></li>

<li><a href="Manifolded_twin_set" class="mw-redirect" title="Manifolded twin set">Manifolded twin set</a>

<ul><li><a href="Scuba_manifold" title="Scuba manifold">Scuba manifold</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Pony_bottle" title="Pony bottle">Pony bottle</a></li>

<li><a href="Scuba_configuration" class="mw-redirect" title="Scuba configuration">Scuba configuration</a></li>

<li><a href="Sidemount" class="mw-redirect" title="Sidemount">Sidemount</a></li>

<li><a href="Sling_cylinder" class="mw-redirect" title="Sling cylinder">Sling cylinder</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Diving_rebreather" title="Diving rebreather">Diving rebreathers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Carbon_dioxide_scrubber" title="Carbon dioxide scrubber">Carbon dioxide scrubber</a></li>

<li><a href="Carleton_CDBA" class="mw-redirect" title="Carleton CDBA">Carleton CDBA</a></li>

<li><a href="Clearance_Divers_Life_Support_Equipment" title="Clearance Divers Life Support Equipment">Clearance Divers Life Support Equipment</a></li>

<li><a href="Cryogenic_rebreather" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryogenic rebreather">Cryogenic rebreather</a></li>

<li><a href="Dr%C3%A4ger_Dolphin" class="mw-redirect" title="Dräger Dolphin">Dolphin</a></li>

<li><a href="Halcyon_PVR-BASC" title="Halcyon PVR-BASC">Halcyon PVR-BASC</a></li>

<li><a href="Halcyon_RB80" title="Halcyon RB80">Halcyon RB80</a></li>

<li><a href="Interspiro_DCSC" title="Interspiro DCSC">Interspiro DCSC</a></li>

<li><a href="Mark_IV_Amphibian" title="Mark IV Amphibian">Mark IV Amphibian</a></li>

<li><a href="Porpoise_(scuba_gear)" title="Porpoise (scuba gear)">Porpoise</a></li>

<li><a href="Siebe_Gorman_CDBA" title="Siebe Gorman CDBA">Siebe Gorman CDBA</a></li>

<li><a href="Siebe_Gorman_Salvus" title="Siebe Gorman Salvus">Salvus</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Surface-supplied_diving_equipment" title="Surface-supplied diving equipment">Surface-supplied<br>diving equipment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Diver's_umbilical" class="mw-redirect" title="Diver's umbilical">Diver's umbilical</a></li>

<li><a href="Diving_air_compressor" title="Diving air compressor">Diving air compressor</a></li>

<li><a href="Gas_panel" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas panel">Gas panel</a></li>

<li><a href="Hookah_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hookah (diving)">Hookah</a></li>

<li><a href="Scuba_replacement" class="mw-redirect" title="Scuba replacement">Scuba replacement</a></li>

<li><a href="Snuba" title="Snuba">Snuba</a></li>

<li><a href="Standard_diving_dress" title="Standard diving dress">Standard diving dress</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_diving_equipment_manufacturers" title="List of diving equipment manufacturers">

Diving<br>equipment<br>manufacturers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="AP_Diving" title="AP Diving">AP Diving</a></li>

<li><a href="Apeks" title="Apeks">Apeks</a></li>

<li><a href="Aqua_Lung_America" title="Aqua Lung America">Aqua Lung America</a></li>

<li><a href="Aqua_Lung/La_Spirotechnique" title="Aqua Lung/La Spirotechnique">Aqua Lung/La Spirotechnique</a></li>

<li><a href="Beuchat" title="Beuchat">Beuchat</a></li>

<li><a href="Ren%C3%A9_Cavalero" title="René Cavalero">René Cavalero</a></li>

<li><a href="Cis-Lunar" title="Cis-Lunar">Cis-Lunar</a></li>

<li><a href="Cressi-Sub" title="Cressi-Sub">Cressi-Sub</a></li>

<li><a href="Dacor_(scuba_diving)" title="Dacor (scuba diving)">Dacor</a></li>

<li><a href="DESCO" title="DESCO">DESCO</a></li>

<li><a href="Dive_Xtras" title="Dive Xtras">Dive Xtras</a></li>

<li><a href="Divex" title="Divex">Divex</a></li>

<li><a href="Diving_Unlimited_International" title="Diving Unlimited International">Diving Unlimited International</a></li>

<li><a href="Dr%C3%A4gerwerk" class="mw-redirect" title="Drägerwerk">Drägerwerk</a></li>

<li><a href="Faber_Industrie_S.p.A." title="Faber Industrie S.p.A.">Faber</a></li>

<li><a href="Fenzy" title="Fenzy">Fenzy</a></li>

<li><a href="Maurice_Fernez" title="Maurice Fernez">Maurice Fernez</a></li>

<li><a href="Luigi_Ferraro_(naval_officer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Luigi Ferraro (naval officer)">Technisub</a></li>

<li><a href="Oscar_Gugen" title="Oscar Gugen">Oscar Gugen</a></li>

<li><a href="Heinke_(diving_equipment_manufacturer)" title="Heinke (diving equipment manufacturer)">Heinke</a></li>

<li><a href="HeinrichsWeikamp" title="HeinrichsWeikamp">HeinrichsWeikamp</a></li>

<li><a href="Johnson_Outdoors" title="Johnson Outdoors">Johnson Outdoors</a></li>

<li><a href="Mares_(scuba_equipment)" title="Mares (scuba equipment)">Mares</a></li>

<li><a href="Morse_Diving" title="Morse Diving">Morse Diving</a></li>

<li><a href="Nemrod" title="Nemrod">Nemrod</a></li>

<li><a href="Oceanic_Worldwide" title="Oceanic Worldwide">Oceanic Worldwide</a></li>

<li><a href="Porpoise_(scuba_gear)" title="Porpoise (scuba gear)">Porpoise</a></li>

<li><a href="Shearwater_Research" title="Shearwater Research">Shearwater Research</a></li>

<li><a href="Siebe_Gorman" title="Siebe Gorman">Siebe Gorman</a></li>

<li><a href="Submarine_Products" title="Submarine Products">Submarine Products</a></li>

<li><a href="Suunto" title="Suunto">Suunto</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Diving_support_equipment1383" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Diving_support_equipment" title="Diving support equipment">Diving support equipment</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Access equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Boarding_stirrup" class="mw-redirect" title="Boarding stirrup">Boarding stirrup</a></li>

<li><a href="Diver_lift" class="mw-redirect" title="Diver lift">Diver lift</a></li>

<li><a href="Diving_bell" title="Diving bell">Diving bell</a></li>

<li><a href="Diving_ladder" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving ladder">Diving ladder</a></li>

<li><a href="Diving_platform_(scuba)" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving platform (scuba)">Diving platform (scuba)</a></li>

<li><a href="Diving_stage" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving stage">Diving stage</a></li>

<li><a href="Downline_(diving)" title="Downline (diving)">Downline</a></li>

<li><a href="Jackstay" title="Jackstay">Jackstay</a></li>

<li><a href="Launch_and_recovery_system_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Launch and recovery system (diving)">Launch and recovery system</a></li>

<li><a href="Messenger_line" title="Messenger line">Messenger line</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Breathing gas<br>handling</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Diving_air_compressor#Filtration" title="Diving air compressor">Air filtration</a>

<ul><li><a href="Activated_carbon" title="Activated carbon">Activated carbon</a></li>

<li><a href="Hopcalite" title="Hopcalite">Hopcalite</a></li>

<li><a href="Molecular_sieve" title="Molecular sieve">Molecular sieve</a></li>

<li><a href="Silica_gel" title="Silica gel">Silica gel</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Booster_pump" title="Booster pump">Booster pump</a></li>

<li><a href="Carbon_dioxide_scrubber" title="Carbon dioxide scrubber">Carbon dioxide scrubber</a></li>

<li><a href="Cascade_filling_system" title="Cascade filling system">Cascade filling system</a></li>

<li><a href="Diver's_pump" title="Diver's pump">Diver's pump</a></li>

<li><a href="Diving_air_compressor" title="Diving air compressor">Diving air compressor</a>

<ul><li><a href="Diving_air_filter" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving air filter">Diving air filter</a></li>

<li><a href="Water_separator" class="mw-redirect" title="Water separator">Water separator</a></li>

<li><a href="High_pressure_breathing_air_compressor" class="mw-redirect" title="High pressure breathing air compressor">High pressure breathing air compressor</a></li>

<li><a href="Low_pressure_breathing_air_compressor" class="mw-redirect" title="Low pressure breathing air compressor">Low pressure breathing air compressor</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Gas_blending" title="Gas blending">Gas blending</a>

<ul><li><a href="Gas_blending_for_scuba_diving" title="Gas blending for scuba diving">Gas blending for scuba diving</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Gas_panel" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas panel">Gas panel</a></li>

<li><a href="Gas_reclaim_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas reclaim system">Gas reclaim system</a></li>

<li><a href="Gas_storage_bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas storage bank">Gas storage bank</a>

<ul><li><a href="Gas_storage_quad" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas storage quad">Gas storage quad</a></li>

<li><a href="Gas_storage_tube" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas storage tube">Gas storage tube</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Helium_analyzer" title="Helium analyzer">Helium analyzer</a></li>

<li><a href="Nitrox_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitrox production">Nitrox production</a>

<ul><li><a href="Membrane_gas_separation" title="Membrane gas separation">Membrane gas separation</a></li>

<li><a href="Pressure_swing_adsorption" title="Pressure swing adsorption">Pressure swing adsorption</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Oxygen_analyser" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxygen analyser">Oxygen analyser</a>

<ul><li><a href="Electro-galvanic_oxygen_sensor" title="Electro-galvanic oxygen sensor">Electro-galvanic oxygen sensor</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Oxygen_compatibility" title="Oxygen compatibility">Oxygen compatibility</a></li></ul>

<li><a href="Built-in_breathing_system" title="Built-in breathing system">Built-in breathing system</a></li>

<li><a href="Decompression_tables" class="mw-redirect" title="Decompression tables">Decompression tables</a></li>

<li><a href="Diving_bell" title="Diving bell">Diving bell</a>

<ul><li><a href="Bell_cursor" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell cursor">Bell cursor</a></li>

<li><a href="Closed_bell" class="mw-redirect" title="Closed bell">Closed bell</a></li>

<li><a href="Clump_weight" class="mw-redirect" title="Clump weight">Clump weight</a></li>

<li><a href="Launch_and_recovery_system_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Launch and recovery system (diving)">Launch and recovery system</a></li>

<li><a href="Diving_chamber" title="Diving chamber">Diving chamber</a></li>

<li><a href="Diving_stage" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving stage">Diving stage</a></li>

<li><a href="Recreational_Dive_Planner" title="Recreational Dive Planner">Recreational Dive Planner</a></li>

<li><a href="Saturation_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Saturation system">Saturation system</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Platforms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Canoe_and_kayak_diving" title="Canoe and kayak diving">Canoe and kayak diving</a></li>

<li><a href="Combat_rubber_raiding_craft" class="mw-redirect" title="Combat rubber raiding craft">Combat rubber raiding craft</a></li>

<li><a href="Liveaboard" title="Liveaboard">Liveaboard</a></li>

<li><a href="Subskimmer" title="Subskimmer">Subskimmer</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Diving_support_vessel" title="Diving support vessel">Diving support vessel</a>

<ul><li><a href="HMS_Challenger_(K07)" title="HMS Challenger (K07)">HMS Challenger (K07)</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Underwaterhabitat46" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Underwater_habitat" title="Underwater habitat">Underwater<br>habitat</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Aquarius_Reef_Base" title="Aquarius Reef Base">Aquarius Reef Base</a></li>

<li><a href="Continental_Shelf_Station_Two" title="Continental Shelf Station Two">Continental Shelf Station Two</a></li>

<li><a href="Helgoland_Habitat" title="Helgoland Habitat">Helgoland Habitat</a></li>

<li><a href="Scott_Carpenter_Space_Analog_Station" title="Scott Carpenter Space Analog Station">Scott Carpenter Space Analog Station</a></li>

<li><a href="SEALAB" title="SEALAB">SEALAB</a></li>

<li><a href="Tektite_habitat" title="Tektite habitat">Tektite habitat</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Remotely_operated_underwater_vehicle" title="Remotely operated underwater vehicle">Remotely operated<br>underwater vehicles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="8A4-class_ROUV" title="8A4-class ROUV">8A4-class ROUV</a></li>

<li><a href="ABISMO" title="ABISMO">ABISMO</a></li>

<li><a href="Atlantis_ROV_Team" title="Atlantis ROV Team">Atlantis ROV Team</a></li>

<li><a href="COTSBot" title="COTSBot">COTSBot</a></li>

<li><a href="Deep_Drone" title="Deep Drone">Deep Drone</a></li>

<li><a href="%C3%89paulard" title="Épaulard">Épaulard</a></li>

<li><a href="Global_Explorer_ROV" title="Global Explorer ROV">Global Explorer ROV</a></li>

<li><a href="Goldfish-class_ROUV" title="Goldfish-class ROUV">Goldfish-class ROUV</a></li>

<li><a href="Kaik%C5%8D_ROV" title="Kaikō ROV">Kaikō ROV</a></li>

<li><a href="Ka%C5%9Fif_ROUV" title="Kaşif ROUV">Kaşif ROUV</a></li>

<li><a href="Long-Term_Mine_Reconnaissance_System" title="Long-Term Mine Reconnaissance System">Long-Term Mine Reconnaissance System</a></li>

<li><a href="Mini_Rover_ROV" title="Mini Rover ROV">Mini Rover ROV</a></li>

<li><a href="OpenROV" title="OpenROV">OpenROV</a></li>

<li><a href="ROV_PHOCA" title="ROV PHOCA">ROV PHOCA</a></li>

<li><a href="Scorpio_ROV" title="Scorpio ROV">Scorpio ROV</a></li>

<li><a href="Sea_Dragon-class_ROV" title="Sea Dragon-class ROV">Sea Dragon-class ROV</a></li>

<li><a href="Seabed_tractor" title="Seabed tractor">Seabed tractor</a></li>

<li><a href="Seafox_drone" title="Seafox drone">Seafox drone</a></li>

<li><a href="SeaPerch" title="SeaPerch">SeaPerch</a></li>

<li><a href="SJT-class_ROUV" title="SJT-class ROUV">SJT-class ROUV</a></li>

<li><a href="T1200_Trenching_Unit" title="T1200 Trenching Unit">T1200 Trenching Unit</a></li>

<li><a href="VideoRay_UROVs" title="VideoRay UROVs">VideoRay UROVs</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Safety equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Diver_down_flag" title="Diver down flag">Diver down flag</a></li>

<li><a href="Diving_shot" title="Diving shot">Diving shot</a></li>

<li><a href="ENOS_Rescue-System" title="ENOS Rescue-System">ENOS Rescue-System</a></li>

<li><a href="Hyperbaric_lifeboat" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperbaric lifeboat">Hyperbaric lifeboat</a></li>

<li><a href="Hyperbaric_stretcher" title="Hyperbaric stretcher">Hyperbaric stretcher</a></li>

<li><a href="Jackstay_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jackstay (diving)">Jackstay</a></li>

<li><a href="Jonline" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonline">Jonline</a></li>

<li><a href="Reserve_gas_supply_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reserve gas supply (diving)">Reserve gas supply</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Diving_spread" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving spread">Diving spread</a>

<ul><li><a href="Air_spread" class="mw-redirect" title="Air spread">Air spread</a></li>

<li><a href="Saturation_spread" class="mw-redirect" title="Saturation spread">Saturation spread</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Hot_water_system_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot water system (diving)">Hot water system</a></li>

<li><a href="Sonar" title="Sonar">Sonar</a>

<ul><li><a href="Underwater_acoustic_positioning_system" title="Underwater acoustic positioning system">Underwater acoustic positioning system</a></li>

<li><a href="Underwater_acoustic_communication" title="Underwater acoustic communication">Underwater acoustic communication</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Freediving1383" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Freediving" title="Freediving">Freediving</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Aquathlon_(underwater_wrestling)" title="Aquathlon (underwater wrestling)">Aquathlon</a></li>

<li><a href="Apnoea_finswimming" class="mw-redirect" title="Apnoea finswimming">Apnoea finswimming</a></li>

<li><a href="Freediving" title="Freediving">Freediving</a></li>

<li><a href="Haenyeo" title="Haenyeo">Haenyeo</a></li>

<li><a href="Pearl_hunting" title="Pearl hunting">Pearl hunting</a>

<li><a href="Snorkeling" title="Snorkeling">Snorkeling</a></li>

<li><a href="Spearfishing" title="Spearfishing">Spearfishing</a></li>

<li><a href="Underwater_football" title="Underwater football">Underwater football</a></li>

<li><a href="Underwater_hockey" title="Underwater hockey">Underwater hockey</a></li>

<li><a href="Underwater_rugby" title="Underwater rugby">Underwater rugby</a></li>

<li><a href="Underwater_target_shooting" title="Underwater target shooting">Underwater target shooting</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Competitions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Nordic_Deep" title="Nordic Deep">Nordic Deep</a></li>

<li><a href="Vertical_Blue" title="Vertical Blue">Vertical Blue</a></li>

<li>Disciplines

<ul><li><a href="Constant_weight" class="mw-redirect" title="Constant weight">Constant weight</a> (CWT)</li>

<li><a href="Constant_weight_bi-fins" title="Constant weight bi-fins">Constant weight bi-fins</a> (CWTB)</li>

<li><a href="Constant_weight_without_fins" title="Constant weight without fins">Constant weight without fins</a> (CNF)</li>

<li><a href="Dynamic_apnea" title="Dynamic apnea">Dynamic apnea</a> (DYN)</li>

<li><a href="Dynamic_apnea_without_fins" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamic apnea without fins">Dynamic apnea without fins</a> (DNF)</li>

<li><a href="Free_immersion" class="mw-redirect" title="Free immersion">Free immersion</a> (FIM)</li>

<li><a href="No-limits_apnea" title="No-limits apnea">No-limits apnea</a> (NLT)</li>

<li><a href="Static_apnea" title="Static apnea">Static apnea</a> (STA)</li>

<li><a href="Skandalopetra_diving" title="Skandalopetra diving">Skandalopetra diving</a></li>

<li><a href="Variable_weight_apnea" class="mw-redirect" title="Variable weight apnea">Variable weight apnea</a> (VWT)</li>

<li><a href="Variable_weight_apnea_without_fins" class="mw-redirect" title="Variable weight apnea without fins">Variable weight apnea without fins</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Diving_mask" title="Diving mask">Diving mask</a></li>

<li><a href="Diving_suit" title="Diving suit">Diving suit</a></li>

<li><a href="Hawaiian_sling" title="Hawaiian sling">Hawaiian sling</a></li>

<li><a href="Polespear" title="Polespear">Polespear</a></li>

<li><a href="Snorkel_(swimming)" title="Snorkel (swimming)">Snorkel (swimming)</a></li>

<li><a href="Speargun" title="Speargun">Speargun</a></li>

<li><a href="Swimfin" title="Swimfin">Swimfins</a>

<ul><li><a href="Monofin" title="Monofin">Monofin</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Water_polo_cap" title="Water polo cap">Water polo cap</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Freedivers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Deborah_Andollo" title="Deborah Andollo">Deborah Andollo</a></li>

<li><a href="Simone_Arrigoni" title="Simone Arrigoni">Simone Arrigoni</a></li>

<li><a href="Peppo_Biscarini" title="Peppo Biscarini">Peppo Biscarini</a></li>

<li><a href="Michael_Board" title="Michael Board">Michael Board</a></li>

<li><a href="Sara_Campbell" title="Sara Campbell">Sara Campbell</a></li>

<li><a href="Derya_Can_G%C3%B6%C3%A7en" class="mw-redirect" title="Derya Can Göçen">Derya Can Göçen</a></li>

<li><a href="Goran_%C4%8Colak" title="Goran Čolak">Goran Čolak</a></li>

<li><a href="Carlos_Coste" title="Carlos Coste">Carlos Coste</a></li>

<li><a href="Robert_Croft_(diver)" title="Robert Croft (diver)">Robert Croft</a></li>

<li><a href="Mandy-Rae_Cruickshank" title="Mandy-Rae Cruickshank">Mandy-Rae Cruickshank</a></li>

<li><a href="Yasemin_Dalk%C4%B1l%C4%B1%C3%A7" title="Yasemin Dalkılıç">Yasemin Dalkılıç</a></li>

<li><a href="Leonardo_D'Imporzano" title="Leonardo D'Imporzano">Leonardo D'Imporzano</a></li>

<li><a href="Flavia_Eberhard" title="Flavia Eberhard">Flavia Eberhard</a></li>

<li><a href="%C5%9Eahika_Erc%C3%BCmen" title="Şahika Ercümen">Şahika Ercümen</a></li>

<li><a href="Emma_Farrell_(freediver)" title="Emma Farrell (freediver)">Emma Farrell</a></li>

<li><a href="Francisco_Ferreras" title="Francisco Ferreras">Francisco Ferreras</a></li>

<li><a href="Pierre_Frolla" title="Pierre Frolla">Pierre Frolla</a></li>

<li><a href="Flavia_Eberhard" title="Flavia Eberhard">Flavia Eberhard</a></li>

<li><a href="Mehgan_Heaney-Grier" title="Mehgan Heaney-Grier">Mehgan Heaney-Grier</a></li>

<li><a href="Elisabeth_Kristoffersen" title="Elisabeth Kristoffersen">Elisabeth Kristoffersen</a></li>

<li><a href="Andriy_Yevhenovych_Khvetkevych" class="mw-redirect" title="Andriy Yevhenovych Khvetkevych">Andriy Yevhenovych Khvetkevych</a></li>

<li><a href="Lo%C3%AFc_Leferme" title="Loïc Leferme">Loïc Leferme</a></li>

<li><a href="Enzo_Maiorca" title="Enzo Maiorca">Enzo Maiorca</a></li>

<li><a href="Jacques_Mayol" title="Jacques Mayol">Jacques Mayol</a></li>

<li><a href="Audrey_Mestre" title="Audrey Mestre">Audrey Mestre</a></li>

<li><a href="Karol_Meyer" title="Karol Meyer">Karol Meyer</a></li>

<li><a href="Kate_Middleton_(free-diver)" title="Kate Middleton (free-diver)">Kate Middleton</a></li>

<li><a href="St%C3%A9phane_Mifsud" title="Stéphane Mifsud">Stéphane Mifsud</a></li>

<li><a href="Alexey_Molchanov" title="Alexey Molchanov">Alexey Molchanov</a></li>

<li><a href="Natalia_Molchanova" title="Natalia Molchanova">Natalia Molchanova</a></li>

<li><a href="Dave_Mullins_(freediver)" title="Dave Mullins (freediver)">Dave Mullins</a></li>

<li><a href="Patrick_Musimu" title="Patrick Musimu">Patrick Musimu</a></li>

<li><a href="Guillaume_N%C3%A9ry" title="Guillaume Néry">Guillaume Néry</a></li>

<li><a href="Herbert_Nitsch" title="Herbert Nitsch">Herbert Nitsch</a></li>

<li><a href="Umberto_Pelizzari" title="Umberto Pelizzari">Umberto Pelizzari</a></li>

<li><a href="Liv_Philip" title="Liv Philip">Liv Philip</a></li>

<li><a href="Annelie_Pompe" title="Annelie Pompe">Annelie Pompe</a></li>

<li><a href="Stig_Severinsen" title="Stig Severinsen">Stig Severinsen</a></li>

<li><a href="Tom_Sietas" title="Tom Sietas">Tom Sietas</a></li>

<li><a href="Martin_%C5%A0t%C4%9Bp%C3%A1nek_(free-diver)" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin Štěpánek (free-diver)">Martin Štěpánek</a></li>

<li><a href="Walter_Steyn" title="Walter Steyn">Walter Steyn</a></li>

<li><a href="Tanya_Streeter" title="Tanya Streeter">Tanya Streeter</a></li>

<li><a href="William_Trubridge" title="William Trubridge">William Trubridge</a></li>

<li><a href="Devrim_Cenk_Ulusoy" title="Devrim Cenk Ulusoy">Devrim Cenk Ulusoy</a></li>

<li><a href="Fatma_Uruk" title="Fatma Uruk">Fatma Uruk</a></li>

<li><a href="Danai_Varveri" title="Danai Varveri">Danai Varveri</a></li>

<li><a href="Alessia_Zecchini" title="Alessia Zecchini">Alessia Zecchini</a></li>

<li><a href="Nataliia_Zharkova" title="Nataliia Zharkova">Nataliia Zharkova</a></li>

<li><a href="Kateryna_Sadurska" title="Kateryna Sadurska">Kateryna Sadurska</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hazards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Barotrauma" title="Barotrauma">Barotrauma</a></li>

<li><a href="Drowning" title="Drowning">Drowning</a></li>

<li><a href="Freediving_blackout" title="Freediving blackout">Freediving blackout</a>

<ul><li><a href="Deep-water_blackout" class="mw-redirect" title="Deep-water blackout">Deep-water blackout</a></li>

<li><a href="Freediving_blackout#Terminology" title="Freediving blackout">Shallow-water blackout</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Hypercapnia" title="Hypercapnia">Hypercapnia</a></li>

<li><a href="Hypothermia" title="Hypothermia">Hypothermia</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Octopus_wrestling" title="Octopus wrestling">Octopus wrestling</a></li>

<li><a href="Swimming_at_the_1900_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men's_underwater_swimming" title="Swimming at the 1900 Summer Olympics – Men's underwater swimming">Swimming at the 1900 Summer Olympics – Men's underwater swimming</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="AIDA_International" title="AIDA International">AIDA International</a></li>

<li><a href="Scuba_Schools_International" title="Scuba Schools International">Scuba Schools International</a></li>

<li><a href="Australian_Underwater_Federation" title="Australian Underwater Federation">Australian Underwater Federation</a></li>

<li><a href="British_Freediving_Association" title="British Freediving Association">British Freediving Association</a></li>

<li><a href="Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Mondiale_des_Activit%C3%A9s_Subaquatiques" title="Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques">Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques</a></li>

<li><a href="F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Fran%C3%A7aise_d'%C3%89tudes_et_de_Sports_Sous-Marins" title="Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins">Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins</a></li>

<li><a href="Performance_Freediving_International" title="Performance Freediving International">Performance Freediving International</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Professional_diving1383" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Professional_diving" title="Professional diving">Professional diving</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Occupations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Commercial_diver" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercial diver">Commercial diver</a>

<ul><li><a href="Commercial_offshore_diver" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercial offshore diver">Commercial offshore diver</a></li>

<li><a href="Hazmat_diver" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazmat diver">Hazmat diver</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Divemaster" title="Divemaster">Divemaster</a></li>

<li><a href="Diving_instructor" title="Diving instructor">Diving instructor</a></li>

<li><a href="Diving_safety_officer" title="Diving safety officer">Diving safety officer</a></li>

<li><a href="Diving_superintendent" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving superintendent">Diving superintendent</a></li>

<li><a href="Diving_supervisor" title="Diving supervisor">Diving supervisor</a></li>

<li><a href="Haenyeo" title="Haenyeo">Haenyeo</a></li>

<li><a href="Media_diver" class="mw-redirect" title="Media diver">Media diver</a></li>

<li><a href="Police_diver" class="mw-redirect" title="Police diver">Police diver</a></li>

<li><a href="Public_safety_diver" class="mw-redirect" title="Public safety diver">Public safety diver</a></li>

<li><a href="Scientific_diver" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific diver">Scientific diver</a></li>

<li><a href="Underwater_archaeologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Underwater archaeologist">Underwater archaeologist</a></li></ul>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Militarydiving40" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Military_diving" title="Military diving">Military<br>diving</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Army_engineer_diver" title="Army engineer diver">Army engineer diver</a></li>

<li><a href="Canadian_Armed_Forces_Divers" title="Canadian Armed Forces Divers">Canadian Armed Forces Divers</a></li>

<li><a href="Clearance_diver" title="Clearance diver">Clearance diver</a></li>

<li><a href="Frogman" title="Frogman">Frogman</a></li>

<li><a href="Minentaucher" title="Minentaucher">Minentaucher</a></li>

<li><a href="Royal_Navy_ships_diver" title="Royal Navy ships diver">Royal Navy ships diver</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States_military_divers" title="United States military divers">United States military divers</a>

<ul><li><a href="Navy_diver_(United_States_Navy)" title="Navy diver (United States Navy)">U.S. Navy diver</a></li>

<li><a href="Master_diver_(United_States_Navy)" title="Master diver (United States Navy)">U.S.Navy master diver</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Militarydivingunits65" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_military_diving_units" title="List of military diving units">Military<br>diving<br>units</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Special_Operations_Brigade_(PLA_Navy_Marine_Corps)" title="Special Operations Brigade (PLA Navy Marine Corps)">7th Marine Brigade</a></li>

<li><a href="Clearance_Diving_Branch_(RAN)" title="Clearance Diving Branch (RAN)">Clearance Diving Branch (RAN)</a></li>

<li><a href="Commando_Hubert" class="mw-redirect" title="Commando Hubert">Commando Hubert</a></li>

<li><a href="Lithuanian_Special_Operations_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian Special Operations Force">Combat Divers Service (Lithuania)</a></li>

<li><a href="Comando_Raggruppamento_Subacquei_e_Incursori_Teseo_Tesei" title="Comando Raggruppamento Subacquei e Incursori Teseo Tesei">Comando Raggruppamento Subacquei e Incursori Teseo Tesei</a></li>

<li><a href="Decima_Flottiglia_MAS" title="Decima Flottiglia MAS">Decima Flottiglia MAS</a></li>

<li><a href="Frogman_Corps_(Denmark)" title="Frogman Corps (Denmark)">Frogman Corps (Denmark)</a></li>

<li><a href="Fuerzas_Especiales" title="Fuerzas Especiales">Fuerzas Especiales</a></li>

<li><a href="Fukuryu" title="Fukuryu">Fukuryu</a></li>

<li><a href="GRUMEC" title="GRUMEC">GRUMEC</a></li>

<li><a href="Grup_Gerak_Khas" class="mw-redirect" title="Grup Gerak Khas">Grup Gerak Khas</a></li>

<li><a href="Jagdkommando" title="Jagdkommando">Jagdkommando</a></li>

<li><a href="JW_Formoza" class="mw-redirect" title="JW Formoza">JW Formoza</a></li>

<li><a href="JW_Komandos%C3%B3w" class="mw-redirect" title="JW Komandosów">JW Komandosów</a></li>

<li><a href="Kommando_Spezialkr%C3%A4fte_Marine" class="mw-redirect" title="Kommando Spezialkräfte Marine">Kommando Spezialkräfte Marine</a></li>

<li><a href="KOPASKA" title="KOPASKA">KOPASKA</a></li>

<li><a href="MARCOS" title="MARCOS">MARCOS</a></li>

<li><a href="Marine_Commandos" title="Marine Commandos">Marine Commandos</a></li>

<li><a href="Marinejegerkommandoen" title="Marinejegerkommandoen">Marinejegerkommandoen</a></li>

<li><a href="Marine_Raider_Regiment" title="Marine Raider Regiment">Marine Raider Regiment</a></li>

<li><a href="Minedykkerkommandoen" title="Minedykkerkommandoen">Minedykkerkommandoen</a></li>

<li><a href="Namibian_Marine_Corps#Operational_Diving_Unit" title="Namibian Marine Corps">Namibian Marine Corps Operational Diving Unit</a></li>

<li><a href="Naval_Diving_Unit_(Singapore)" title="Naval Diving Unit (Singapore)">Naval Diving Unit (Singapore)</a></li>

<li><a href="Naval_Service_Diving_Section" title="Naval Service Diving Section">Naval Service Diving Section</a></li>

<li><a href="Naval_Special_Operations_Command" title="Naval Special Operations Command">Naval Special Operations Command</a></li>

<li><a href="Operational_Diving_Division_(SA_Navy)" title="Operational Diving Division (SA Navy)">Operational Diving Division (SA Navy)</a></li>

<li><a href="Royal_Engineers" title="Royal Engineers">Royal Engineers</a></li>

<li><a href="Russian_commando_frogmen" title="Russian commando frogmen">Russian commando frogmen</a></li>

<li><a href="Sappers_Divers_Group" title="Sappers Divers Group">Sappers Divers Group</a></li>

<li><a href="Shayetet_13" title="Shayetet 13">Shayetet 13</a></li>

<li><a href="Special_Air_Service" title="Special Air Service">Special Air Service</a></li>

<li><a href="Special_Air_Service_Regiment" title="Special Air Service Regiment">Special Air Service Regiment</a></li>

<li><a href="Special_Actions_Detachment" title="Special Actions Detachment">Special Actions Detachment</a></li>

<li><a href="Special_Boat_Service" title="Special Boat Service">Special Boat Service</a></li>

<li><a href="Special_Boat_Squadron_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Special Boat Squadron (Sri Lanka)">Special Boat Squadron (Sri Lanka)</a></li>

<li><a href="Special_Forces_Command_(Turkey)" title="Special Forces Command (Turkey)">Special Forces Command (Turkey)</a></li>

<li><a href="Special_Forces_Group_(Belgium)" title="Special Forces Group (Belgium)">Special Forces Group (Belgium)</a></li>

<li><a href="Special_Operations_Battalion_(Croatia)" title="Special Operations Battalion (Croatia)">Special Operations Battalion (Croatia)</a></li>

<li><a href="Special_Service_Group_(Navy)" title="Special Service Group (Navy)">Special Service Group (Navy)</a></li>

<li><a href="Special_Warfare_Diving_and_Salvage" title="Special Warfare Diving and Salvage">Special Warfare Diving and Salvage</a></li>

<li><a href="Tactical_Divers_Group" title="Tactical Divers Group">Tactical Divers Group</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States_Marine_Corps_Force_Reconnaissance" title="United States Marine Corps Force Reconnaissance">US Marine Corps Force Reconnaissance</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States_Marine_Corps_Reconnaissance_Battalions" title="United States Marine Corps Reconnaissance Battalions">US Marine Corps Reconnaissance Battalions</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States_Navy_SEALs" title="United States Navy SEALs">US Navy SEALs</a></li>

<li><a href="Underwater_Construction_Teams" title="Underwater Construction Teams">Underwater Construction Teams</a></li>

<li><a href="Underwater_Demolition_Command" title="Underwater Demolition Command">Underwater Demolition Command</a></li>

<li><a href="Underwater_Demolition_Team" title="Underwater Demolition Team">Underwater Demolition Team</a></li>

<li><a href="Underwater_Offence_(Turkish_Armed_Forces)" class="mw-redirect" title="Underwater Offence (Turkish Armed Forces)">Underwater Offence (Turkish Armed Forces)</a></li>

<li><a href="UNGERIN" title="UNGERIN">UNGERIN</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Underwater_work" title="Underwater work">Underwater<br>work</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Commercial_offshore_diving" title="Commercial offshore diving">Commercial offshore diving</a></li>

<li><a href="Dive_leader" title="Dive leader">Dive leader</a></li>

<li><a href="Diver_training" title="Diver training">Diver training</a>

<ul><li><a href="Recreational_diver_training" title="Recreational diver training">Recreational diver training</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Hazmat_diving" title="Hazmat diving">Hazmat diving</a></li>

<li><a href="Hyperbaric_welding" title="Hyperbaric welding">Hyperbaric welding</a></li>

<li><a href="Marine_construction" title="Marine construction">Marine construction</a>

<ul><li><a href="Offshore_construction" title="Offshore construction">Offshore construction</a></li>

<li><a href="Underwater_construction" title="Underwater construction">Underwater construction</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Media_diving" title="Media diving">Media diving</a></li>

<li><a href="Pearl_hunting" title="Pearl hunting">Pearl hunting</a></li>

<li><a href="Police_diving" title="Police diving">Police diving</a></li>

<li><a href="Potable_water_diving" title="Potable water diving">Potable water diving</a></li>

<li><a href="Public_safety_diving" title="Public safety diving">Public safety diving</a></li>

<li><a href="Scientific_diving" title="Scientific diving">Scientific diving</a></li>

<li><a href="Ships_husbandry" title="Ships husbandry">Ships husbandry</a></li>

<li><a href="Sponge_diving" title="Sponge diving">Sponge diving</a></li>

<li><a href="Submarine_pipeline" title="Submarine pipeline">Submarine pipeline</a></li>

<li><a href="Underwater_archaeology" title="Underwater archaeology">Underwater archaeology</a>

<ul><li><a href="Archaeology_of_shipwrecks" title="Archaeology of shipwrecks">Archaeology of shipwrecks</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Underwater_cutting_and_welding" title="Underwater cutting and welding">Underwater cutting and welding</a></li>

<li><a href="Underwater_demolition" title="Underwater demolition">Underwater demolition</a></li>

<li><a href="Underwater_inspection" class="mw-redirect" title="Underwater inspection">Underwater inspection</a>

<ul><li><a href="Nondestructive_testing" title="Nondestructive testing">Nondestructive testing</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Underwater_logging" title="Underwater logging">Underwater logging</a></li>

<li><a href="Underwater_photography" title="Underwater photography">Underwater photography</a></li>

<li><a href="Underwater_search_and_recovery" title="Underwater search and recovery">Underwater search and recovery</a>

<ul><li><a href="Underwater_searches" title="Underwater searches">Underwater searches</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Underwater_videography" title="Underwater videography">Underwater videography</a></li>

<li><a href="Underwater_survey" title="Underwater survey">Underwater survey</a></li></ul>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Salvage_diving18" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Salvage_diving" title="Salvage diving">Salvage diving</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="SS_Egypt" title="SS Egypt">SS <i>Egypt</i></a></li>

<li><a href="Kronan_(ship)" title="Kronan (ship)"><i>Kronan</i></a></li>

<li><a href="La_Belle_(ship)" title="La Belle (ship)"><i>La Belle</i></a></li>

<li><a href="SS_Laurentic_(1908)" title="SS Laurentic (1908)">SS <i>Laurentic</i></a></li>

<li><a href="RMS_Lusitania" title="RMS Lusitania">RMS <i>Lusitania</i></a></li>

<li><a href="USS_Monitor" title="USS Monitor">USS <i>Monitor</i></a></li>

<li><a href="HMS_Royal_George_(1756)" title="HMS Royal George (1756)">HMS <i>Royal George</i></a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Diving_contractor" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving contractor">Diving<br>contractors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Compagnie_maritime_d'expertises" title="Compagnie maritime d'expertises">COMEX</a></li>

<li><a href="Helix_Energy_Solutions_Group" title="Helix Energy Solutions Group">Helix Energy Solutions Group</a></li>

<li><a href="International_Marine_Contractors_Association" title="International Marine Contractors Association">International Marine Contractors Association</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tools and<br>equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Abrasive_waterjet" class="mw-redirect" title="Abrasive waterjet">Abrasive waterjet</a></li>

<li><a href="Airlift_(dredging_device)" title="Airlift (dredging device)">Airlift</a></li>

<li><a href="Baited_remote_underwater_video" title="Baited remote underwater video">Baited remote underwater video</a></li>

<li><a href="In-water_surface_cleaning" title="In-water surface cleaning">In-water surface cleaning</a>

<ul><li>Brush cart</li>

<li>Cavitation cleaning</li>

<li><a href="Pressure_washing" title="Pressure washing">Pressure washing</a></li>

<li><a href="Pigging" title="Pigging">Pigging</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Lifting_bag" title="Lifting bag">Lifting bag</a></li>

<li><a href="Remotely_operated_underwater_vehicle" title="Remotely operated underwater vehicle">Remotely operated underwater vehicle</a></li>

<li><a href="Thermal_lance" title="Thermal lance">Thermal lance</a></li>

<li><a href="Tremie" title="Tremie">Tremie</a></li>

<li>Water jetting</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Underwater<br>weapons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Limpet_mine" title="Limpet mine">Limpet mine</a></li>

<li><a href="Speargun" title="Speargun">Speargun</a>

<ul><li><a href="Hawaiian_sling" title="Hawaiian sling">Hawaiian sling</a></li>

<li><a href="Polespear" title="Polespear">Polespear</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Underwaterfirearm46" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Underwater_firearm" title="Underwater firearm">Underwater<br>firearm</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Gyrojet" title="Gyrojet">Gyrojet</a></li>

<li><a href="Mk_1_Underwater_Defense_Gun" title="Mk 1 Underwater Defense Gun">Mk 1 Underwater Defense Gun</a></li>

<li><a href="Powerhead_(firearm)" title="Powerhead (firearm)">Powerhead</a></li>

<li>Underwater pistols

<ul><li><a href="Heckler_%26_Koch_P11" title="Heckler & Koch P11">Heckler & Koch P11</a></li>

<li><a href="SPP-1_underwater_pistol" title="SPP-1 underwater pistol">SPP-1 underwater pistol</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Underwater revolvers

<ul><li><a href="AAI_underwater_revolver" title="AAI underwater revolver">AAI underwater revolver</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Underwater rifles

<ul><li><a href="ADS_amphibious_rifle" title="ADS amphibious rifle">ADS amphibious rifle</a></li>

<li><a href="APS_underwater_rifle" title="APS underwater rifle">APS underwater rifle</a></li>

<li><a href="ASM-DT_amphibious_rifle" title="ASM-DT amphibious rifle">ASM-DT amphibious rifle</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

<ul><li><a href="Recreational_dive_sites" title="Recreational dive sites">Recreational dive sites</a></li>

<li><a href="Index_of_recreational_dive_sites" title="Index of recreational dive sites">Index of recreational dive sites</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_wreck_diving_sites" title="List of wreck diving sites">List of wreck diving sites</a></li>

<li><a href="Outline_of_recreational_dive_sites" title="Outline of recreational dive sites">Outline of recreational dive sites</a></li></ul>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specialties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Altitude_diving" title="Altitude diving">Altitude diving</a></li>

<li><a href="Cave_diving" title="Cave diving">Cave diving</a></li>

<li><a href="Deep_diving" title="Deep diving">Deep diving</a></li>

<li><a href="Ice_diving" title="Ice diving">Ice diving</a></li>

<li><a href="Muck_diving" title="Muck diving">Muck diving</a></li>

<li><a href="Open-water_diving" title="Open-water diving">Open-water diving</a></li>

<li><a href="Rebreather_diving" title="Rebreather diving">Rebreather diving</a></li>

<li><a href="Sidemount_diving" title="Sidemount diving">Sidemount diving</a></li>

<li><a href="Solo_diving" title="Solo diving">Solo diving</a></li>

<li><a href="Technical_diving" title="Technical diving">Technical diving</a></li>

<li><a href="Underwater_photography" title="Underwater photography">Underwater photography</a></li>

<li><a href="Wreck_diving" title="Wreck diving">Wreck diving</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Diver_organisations" title="Diver organisations">Diver<br>organisations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="British_Sub-Aqua_Club" title="British Sub-Aqua Club">British Sub-Aqua Club</a> (BSAC)</li>

<li><a href="Cave_Divers_Association_of_Australia" title="Cave Divers Association of Australia">Cave Divers Association of Australia</a> (CDAA)</li>

<li><a href="Cave_Diving_Group" title="Cave Diving Group">Cave Diving Group</a> (CDG)</li>

<li><a href="Comhairle_Fo-Thuinn" title="Comhairle Fo-Thuinn">Comhairle Fo-Thuinn</a> (CFT)</li>

<li><a href="Federaci%C3%B3n_Espa%C3%B1ola_de_Actividades_Subacu%C3%A1ticas" title="Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas">Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas</a> (FEDAS)</li>

<li><a href="International_Association_for_Handicapped_Divers" title="International Association for Handicapped Divers">International Association for Handicapped Divers</a> (IAHD)</li>

<li><a href="Quintana_Roo_Speleological_Survey" title="Quintana Roo Speleological Survey">Quintana Roo Speleological Survey</a> (QRSS)</li>

<li><a href="Woodville_Karst_Plain_Project" title="Woodville Karst Plain Project">Woodville Karst Plain Project</a> (WKPP)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diving tourism<br>industry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Dive_center" title="Dive center">Dive center</a></li>

<li><a href="Diving_in_Timor-Leste" title="Diving in Timor-Leste">Diving in Timor-Leste</a></li>

<li><a href="Diving_in_the_Maldives" title="Diving in the Maldives">Diving in the Maldives</a></li>

<li><a href="Environmental_impact_of_recreational_diving" title="Environmental impact of recreational diving">Environmental impact of recreational diving</a></li>

<li><a href="Scuba_diving_tourism" title="Scuba diving tourism">Scuba diving tourism</a></li>

<li><a href="Scuba_diving_in_the_Cayman_Islands" title="Scuba diving in the Cayman Islands">Scuba diving in the Cayman Islands</a></li>

<li><a href="Shark_tourism" title="Shark tourism">Shark tourism</a></li>

<li><a href="Sinking_ships_for_wreck_diving_sites" title="Sinking ships for wreck diving sites">Sinking ships for wreck diving sites</a></li>

<li><a href="Underwater_diving_in_Guam" title="Underwater diving in Guam">Underwater diving in Guam</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diving events<br>and festivals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Diversnight" title="Diversnight">Diversnight</a></li>

<li><a href="Underwater_Bike_Race" title="Underwater Bike Race">Underwater Bike Race</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

<ul><li><a href="Human_factors_in_diving_equipment_design" title="Human factors in diving equipment design">Human factors in diving equipment design</a></li>

<li><a href="Human_factors_in_diving_safety" title="Human factors in diving safety">Human factors in diving safety</a></li>

<li><a href="Life-support_system" title="Life-support system">Life-support system</a></li>

<li><a href="Safety-critical_system" title="Safety-critical system">Safety-critical system</a></li>

<li><a href="Scuba_diving_fatalities" title="Scuba diving fatalities">Scuba diving fatalities</a></li>

<li><a href="Underwater_diving_emergency" title="Underwater diving emergency">Underwater diving emergency</a></li>

<li><a href="Water_safety" title="Water safety">Water safety</a></li>

<li><a href="Water_surface_searches" title="Water surface searches">Water surface searches</a></li></ul>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Diving_hazards" title="Diving hazards">Diving<br>hazards</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_diving_hazards_and_precautions" title="List of diving hazards and precautions">List of diving hazards and precautions</a></li>

<li><a href="Hazards_of_the_diving_environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazards of the diving environment">Environmental</a>

<ul><li><a href="Ocean_current" title="Ocean current">Current</a></li>

<li><a href="Delta-P_(hazard)" class="mw-redirect" title="Delta-P (hazard)">Delta-P</a></li>

<li><a href="Entanglement_(hazard)" class="mw-redirect" title="Entanglement (hazard)">Entanglement hazard</a></li>

<li><a href="Penetration_diving" title="Penetration diving">Overhead</a></li>

<li><a href="Wave_action" class="mw-redirect" title="Wave action">Wave action</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Equipment

<ul><li><a href="Freeflow" title="Freeflow">Freeflow</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_diving_hazards_and_precautions#Use_of_breathing_equipment_in_an_underwater_environment" title="List of diving hazards and precautions">Use of breathing equipment in an underwater environment</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_diving_hazards_and_precautions#Failure_of_diving_equipment_other_than_breathing_apparatus" title="List of diving hazards and precautions">Failure of diving equipment other than breathing apparatus</a></li>

<li><a href="Single_point_of_failure" title="Single point of failure">Single point of failure</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Physiological

<ul><li><a href="Cold_shock_response" title="Cold shock response">Cold shock response</a></li>

<li><a href="Decompression_(diving)" title="Decompression (diving)">Decompression</a></li>

<li><a href="Nitrogen_narcosis" title="Nitrogen narcosis">Nitrogen narcosis</a></li>

<li><a href="Oxygen_toxicity" title="Oxygen toxicity">Oxygen toxicity</a></li>

<li><a href="Seasickness" class="mw-redirect" title="Seasickness">Seasickness</a></li>

<li><a href="Uncontrolled_decompression" title="Uncontrolled decompression">Uncontrolled decompression</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="List_of_diving_hazards_and_precautions#Diver_behaviour_and_competence" title="List of diving hazards and precautions">Diver behaviour and competence</a>

<ul><li><a href="Incompetence" title="Incompetence">Incompetence</a></li>

<li><a href="Overconfidence_effect" title="Overconfidence effect">Overconfidence effect</a></li>

<li><a href="Panic" title="Panic">Panic</a></li>

<li><a href="Task_loading" title="Task loading">Task loading</a></li>

<li><a href="Anxiety#Trait" title="Anxiety">Trait anxiety</a></li>

<li><a href="Willful_violation" title="Willful violation">Willful violation</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Consequences12" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Consequences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Barotrauma" title="Barotrauma">Barotrauma</a></li>

<li><a href="Decompression_sickness" title="Decompression sickness">Decompression sickness</a></li>

<li><a href="Drowning" title="Drowning">Drowning</a></li>

<li><a href="Hypothermia" title="Hypothermia">Hypothermia</a></li>

<li><a href="Hypoxia_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypoxia (medical)">Hypoxia</a></li>

<li><a href="Hypercapnia" title="Hypercapnia">Hypercapnia</a></li>

<li><a href="Hyperthermia" title="Hyperthermia">Hyperthermia</a></li>

<li><a href="Non-freezing_cold_injury" title="Non-freezing cold injury">Non-freezing cold injury</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Diving_procedures" title="Diving procedures">Diving<br>procedures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ascending_and_descending_(diving)" title="Ascending and descending (diving)">Ascending and descending</a>

<ul><li><a href="Emergency_ascent" title="Emergency ascent">Emergency ascent</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Boat_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Boat diving">Boat diving</a>

<ul><li><a href="Canoe_and_kayak_diving" title="Canoe and kayak diving">Canoe and kayak diving</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Buddy_diving" title="Buddy diving">Buddy diving</a>

<ul><li><a href="Buddy_check" title="Buddy check">buddy check</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Decompression_(diving)" title="Decompression (diving)">Decompression</a>

<ul><li><a href="Decompression_practice" title="Decompression practice">Decompression practice</a></li>

<li><a href="Ratio_decompression" title="Ratio decompression">Ratio decompression</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Dive_briefing" title="Dive briefing">Dive briefing</a></li>

<li><a href="Dive_planning" title="Dive planning">Dive planning</a>

<ul><li><a href="Rule_of_thirds_(diving)" title="Rule of thirds (diving)">Rule of thirds</a></li>

<li><a href="Scuba_gas_planning" title="Scuba gas planning">Scuba gas planning</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Diver_communications" title="Diver communications">Diver communications</a></li>

<li><a href="Diver_rescue" title="Diver rescue">Diver rescue</a></li>

<li><a href="Diver_training" title="Diver training">Diver training</a></li>

<li><a href="Doing_It_Right_(scuba_diving)" title="Doing It Right (scuba diving)">Doing It Right</a></li>

<li><a href="Drift_diving" title="Drift diving">Drift diving</a></li>

<li><a href="Gas_blending_for_scuba_diving" title="Gas blending for scuba diving">Gas blending for scuba diving</a></li>

<li><a href="Night_diving" title="Night diving">Night diving</a></li>

<li><a href="Rebreather_diving" title="Rebreather diving">Rebreather diving</a></li>

<li><a href="Scuba_gas_management" title="Scuba gas management">Scuba gas management</a></li>

<li><a href="Solo_diving" title="Solo diving">Solo diving</a></li>

<li><a href="Wall_diving" title="Wall diving">Wall diving</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Risk_management" title="Risk management">Risk<br>management</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Checklist" title="Checklist">Checklist</a></li>

<li>Hazard identification and risk assessment

<ul><li><a href="Hazard_analysis" title="Hazard analysis">Hazard analysis</a></li>

<li><a href="Job_safety_analysis" title="Job safety analysis">Job safety analysis</a></li>

<li><a href="Risk_assessment" title="Risk assessment">Risk assessment</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Hyperbaric_evacuation_and_rescue" title="Hyperbaric evacuation and rescue">Hyperbaric evacuation and rescue</a></li>

<li><a href="Risk_control" title="Risk control">Risk control</a>

<ul><li><a href="Hierarchy_of_hazard_controls" title="Hierarchy of hazard controls">Hierarchy of hazard controls</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Incident_pit" title="Incident pit">Incident pit</a></li>

<li><a href="Lockout%E2%80%93tagout" title="Lockout–tagout">Lockout–tagout</a></li>

<li><a href="Permit_To_Work" class="mw-redirect" title="Permit To Work">Permit To Work</a></li>

<li><a href="Redundancy_(engineering)" title="Redundancy (engineering)">Redundancy</a></li>

<li><a href="Safety_data_sheet" title="Safety data sheet">Safety data sheet</a></li>

<li><a href="Situation_awareness" title="Situation awareness">Situation awareness</a></li></ul>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Diving_team" title="Diving team">Diving team</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bellman_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bellman (diving)">Bellman</a></li>

<li><a href="Chamber_operator" class="mw-redirect" title="Chamber operator">Chamber operator</a></li>

<li><a href="Diver_medical_technician" class="mw-redirect" title="Diver medical technician">Diver medical technician</a></li>

<li><a href="Diver's_attendant" class="mw-redirect" title="Diver's attendant">Diver's attendant</a></li>

<li><a href="Diving_supervisor" title="Diving supervisor">Diving supervisor</a></li>

<li><a href="Diving_systems_technician" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving systems technician">Diving systems technician</a></li>

<li><a href="Life_support_technician" class="mw-redirect" title="Life support technician">Life support technician</a></li>

<li><a href="Stand-by_diver" class="mw-redirect" title="Stand-by diver">Stand-by diver</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Equipment<br>safety</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Breathing_gas_quality" class="mw-redirect" title="Breathing gas quality">Breathing gas quality</a></li>

<li><a href="Testing_and_inspection_of_diving_cylinders" title="Testing and inspection of diving cylinders">Testing and inspection of diving cylinders</a>

<ul><li><a href="Hydrostatic_test" title="Hydrostatic test">Hydrostatic test</a></li>

<li><a href="Sustained_load_cracking" title="Sustained load cracking">Sustained load cracking</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Diving_regulator" title="Diving regulator">Diving regulator</a>

<ul><li><a href="Breathing_performance_of_regulators" title="Breathing performance of regulators">Breathing performance of regulators</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Occupational_safety_and_health" title="Occupational safety and health">Occupational<br>safety and<br>health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Association_of_Diving_Contractors_International" title="Association of Diving Contractors International">Association of Diving Contractors International</a></li>

<li><a href="International_Marine_Contractors_Association" title="International Marine Contractors Association">International Marine Contractors Association</a></li>

<li><a href="Code_of_practice" title="Code of practice">Code of practice</a></li>

<li><a href="Contingency_plan" title="Contingency plan">Contingency plan</a></li>

<li><a href="Diving_regulations" title="Diving regulations">Diving regulations</a></li>

<li><a href="Emergency_response_plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency response plan">Emergency response plan</a></li>

<li><a href="Diving_safety_officer" title="Diving safety officer">Diving safety officer</a></li>

<li><a href="Diving_superintendent" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving superintendent">Diving superintendent</a></li>

<li><a href="Diving_supervisor" title="Diving supervisor">Diving supervisor</a></li>

<li><a href="Operations_manual" title="Operations manual">Operations manual</a></li>

<li><a href="Standard_operating_procedure" title="Standard operating procedure">Standard operating procedure</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Diving_medicine1383" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Diving_medicine" title="Diving medicine">Diving medicine</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Diving_disorders" title="Diving disorders">Diving<br>disorders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_signs_and_symptoms_of_diving_disorders" title="List of signs and symptoms of diving disorders">List of signs and symptoms of diving disorders</a></li>

<li><a href="Cramp" title="Cramp">Cramp</a></li>

<li><a href="Motion_sickness" title="Motion sickness">Motion sickness</a></li>

<li><a href="Surfer's_ear" title="Surfer's ear">Surfer's ear</a></li></ul>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pressure<br>related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Alternobaric_vertigo" title="Alternobaric vertigo">Alternobaric vertigo</a></li>

<li><a href="Barostriction" class="mw-redirect" title="Barostriction">Barostriction</a></li>

<li><a href="Barotrauma" title="Barotrauma">Barotrauma</a>

<ul><li><a href="Air_embolism" title="Air embolism">Air embolism</a></li>

<li><a href="Aerosinusitis" title="Aerosinusitis">Aerosinusitis</a></li>

<li><a href="Barodontalgia" title="Barodontalgia">Barodontalgia</a></li>

<li><a href="Dental_barotrauma" class="mw-redirect" title="Dental barotrauma">Dental barotrauma</a></li>

<li><a href="Middle_ear_barotrauma" title="Middle ear barotrauma">Middle ear barotrauma</a></li>

<li><a href="Pulmonary_barotrauma" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulmonary barotrauma">Pulmonary barotrauma</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Compression_arthralgia" title="Compression arthralgia">Compression arthralgia</a></li>

<li><a href="Decompression_illness" title="Decompression illness">Decompression illness</a></li>

<li><a href="Dysbarism" title="Dysbarism">Dysbarism</a></li></ul>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oxygen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Freediving_blackout" title="Freediving blackout">Freediving blackout</a></li>

<li><a href="Hyperoxia" title="Hyperoxia">Hyperoxia</a></li>

<li><a href="Hypoxia_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypoxia (medical)">Hypoxia</a></li>

<li><a href="Oxygen_toxicity" title="Oxygen toxicity">Oxygen toxicity</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inert gases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Avascular_necrosis" title="Avascular necrosis">Avascular necrosis</a></li>

<li><a href="Decompression_sickness" title="Decompression sickness">Decompression sickness</a>

<ul><li><a href="Dysbaric_osteonecrosis" title="Dysbaric osteonecrosis">Dysbaric osteonecrosis</a></li>

<li><a href="Inner_ear_decompression_sickness" title="Inner ear decompression sickness">Inner ear decompression sickness</a></li>

<li><a href="Isobaric_counterdiffusion" title="Isobaric counterdiffusion">Isobaric counterdiffusion</a></li>

<li><a href="Taravana" title="Taravana">Taravana</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="High-pressure_nervous_syndrome" title="High-pressure nervous syndrome">High-pressure nervous syndrome</a></li>

<li><a href="Hydrogen_narcosis" title="Hydrogen narcosis">Hydrogen narcosis</a></li>

<li><a href="Nitrogen_narcosis" title="Nitrogen narcosis">Nitrogen narcosis</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Carbon dioxide</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Hypercapnia" title="Hypercapnia">Hypercapnia</a></li>

<li><a href="Hypocapnia" title="Hypocapnia">Hypocapnia</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Breathing gas<br>contaminants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Carbon_monoxide_poisoning" title="Carbon monoxide poisoning">Carbon monoxide poisoning</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immersion<br>related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Asphyxia" title="Asphyxia">Asphyxia</a></li>

<li><a href="Drowning" title="Drowning">Drowning</a></li>

<li><a href="Hypothermia" title="Hypothermia">Hypothermia</a></li>

<li><a href="Immersion_diuresis" class="mw-redirect" title="Immersion diuresis">Immersion diuresis</a></li>

<li><a href="Instinctive_drowning_response" title="Instinctive drowning response">Instinctive drowning response</a></li>

<li><a href="Laryngospasm" title="Laryngospasm">Laryngospasm</a></li>

<li><a href="Salt_water_aspiration_syndrome" title="Salt water aspiration syndrome">Salt water aspiration syndrome</a></li>

<li><a href="Swimming-induced_pulmonary_edema" title="Swimming-induced pulmonary edema">Swimming-induced pulmonary edema</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treatment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Demand_valve_oxygen_therapy" title="Demand valve oxygen therapy">Demand valve oxygen therapy</a></li>

<li><a href="First_aid" title="First aid">First aid</a></li>

<li><a href="Hyperbaric_medicine" title="Hyperbaric medicine">Hyperbaric medicine</a></li>

<li><a href="Hyperbaric_treatment_schedules" title="Hyperbaric treatment schedules">Hyperbaric treatment schedules</a></li>

<li><a href="In-water_recompression" title="In-water recompression">In-water recompression</a></li>

<li><a href="Oxygen_therapy" title="Oxygen therapy">Oxygen therapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Therapeutic_recompression" class="mw-redirect" title="Therapeutic recompression">Therapeutic recompression</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Personnel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Diving_Medical_Examiner" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving Medical Examiner">Diving Medical Examiner</a></li>

<li><a href="Diving_Medical_Practitioner" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving Medical Practitioner">Diving Medical Practitioner</a></li>

<li><a href="Diving_Medical_Technician" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving Medical Technician">Diving Medical Technician</a></li>

<li><a href="Hyperbaric_nursing" title="Hyperbaric nursing">Hyperbaric nursing</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Screening</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Atrial_septal_defect" title="Atrial septal defect">Atrial septal defect</a></li>

<li><a href="Effects_of_drugs_on_fitness_to_dive" class="mw-redirect" title="Effects of drugs on fitness to dive">Effects of drugs on fitness to dive</a></li>

<li><a href="Fitness_to_dive" title="Fitness to dive">Fitness to dive</a></li>

<li><a href="Psychological_fitness_to_dive" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychological fitness to dive">Psychological fitness to dive</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_researchers_in_diving_physiology_and_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="List of researchers in diving physiology and medicine">Researchers in<br>diving physiology<br>and medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Arthur_J._Bachrach" title="Arthur J. Bachrach">Arthur J. Bachrach</a></li>

<li><a href="Albert_R._Behnke" title="Albert R. Behnke">Albert R. Behnke</a></li>

<li><a href="Peter_B._Bennett" title="Peter B. Bennett">Peter B. Bennett</a></li>

<li><a href="George_F._Bond" title="George F. Bond">George F. Bond</a></li>

<li><a href="Robert_Boyle" title="Robert Boyle">Robert Boyle</a></li>

<li><a href="Alf_O._Brubakk" title="Alf O. Brubakk">Alf O. Brubakk</a></li>

<li><a href="Albert_A._B%C3%BChlmann" title="Albert A. Bühlmann">Albert A. Bühlmann</a></li>

<li><a href="John_R._Clarke_(scientist)" title="John R. Clarke (scientist)">John R. Clarke</a></li>

<li><a href="Guybon_Chesney_Castell_Damant" title="Guybon Chesney Castell Damant">Guybon Chesney Castell Damant</a></li>

<li><a href="Kenneth_William_Donald" title="Kenneth William Donald">Kenneth William Donald</a></li>

<li><a href="William_Paul_Fife" title="William Paul Fife">William Paul Fife</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Scott_Haldane" title="John Scott Haldane">John Scott Haldane</a></li>

<li><a href="Robert_William_Hamilton_Jr." title="Robert William Hamilton Jr.">Robert William Hamilton Jr.</a></li>

<li><a href="Henry_Valence_Hempleman" title="Henry Valence Hempleman">Henry Valence Hempleman</a></li>

<li><a href="Leonard_Erskine_Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="Leonard Erskine Hill">Leonard Erskine Hill</a></li>

<li><a href="Brian_Andrew_Hills" title="Brian Andrew Hills">Brian Andrew Hills</a></li>

<li><a href="Felix_Hoppe-Seyler" title="Felix Hoppe-Seyler">Felix Hoppe-Seyler</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_J._Lambertsen" title="Christian J. Lambertsen">Christian J. Lambertsen</a></li>

<li><a href="Simon_Mitchell" title="Simon Mitchell">Simon Mitchell</a></li>

<li><a href="Charles_Momsen" title="Charles Momsen">Charles Momsen</a></li>

<li><a href="Neal_W._Pollock" title="Neal W. Pollock">Neal W. Pollock</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Rawlins_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="John Rawlins (Royal Navy officer)">John Rawlins</a></li>

<li><a href="Charles_Wesley_Shilling" title="Charles Wesley Shilling">Charles Wesley Shilling</a></li>

<li><a href="Edward_D._Thalmann" title="Edward D. Thalmann">Edward D. Thalmann</a></li>

<li><a href="Jacques_Triger" title="Jacques Triger">Jacques Triger</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diving medical<br>research<br>organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Aerospace_Medical_Association" title="Aerospace Medical Association">Aerospace Medical Association</a></li>

<li><a href="Divers_Alert_Network" title="Divers Alert Network">Divers Alert Network</a> (DAN)</li>

<li>Diving Diseases Research Centre (DDRC)</li>

<li><a href="Diving_Medical_Advisory_Council" title="Diving Medical Advisory Council">Diving Medical Advisory Council</a> (DMAC)</li>

<li><a href="European_Diving_Technology_Committee" title="European Diving Technology Committee">European Diving Technology Committee</a> (EDTC)</li>

<li><a href="European_Underwater_and_Baromedical_Society" title="European Underwater and Baromedical Society">European Underwater and Baromedical Society</a> (EUBS)</li>

<li><a href="National_Board_of_Diving_and_Hyperbaric_Medical_Technology" title="National Board of Diving and Hyperbaric Medical Technology">National Board of Diving and Hyperbaric Medical Technology</a></li>

<li><a href="Naval_Submarine_Medical_Research_Laboratory" title="Naval Submarine Medical Research Laboratory">Naval Submarine Medical Research Laboratory</a></li>

<li><a href="Royal_Australian_Navy_School_of_Underwater_Medicine" title="Royal Australian Navy School of Underwater Medicine">Royal Australian Navy School of Underwater Medicine</a></li>

<li><a href="Rubicon_Foundation" title="Rubicon Foundation">Rubicon Foundation</a></li>

<li><a href="South_Pacific_Underwater_Medicine_Society" title="South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society">South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society</a> (SPUMS)</li>

<li><a href="Undersea_and_Hyperbaric_Medical_Society" title="Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society">Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society</a> (UHMS)</li>

<li><a href="United_States_Navy_Experimental_Diving_Unit" title="United States Navy Experimental Diving Unit">United States Navy Experimental Diving Unit</a> (NEDU)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Law1383" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Law</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Civil_liability_in_recreational_diving" title="Civil liability in recreational diving">Civil liability in recreational diving</a></li>

<li><a href="Diving_regulations" title="Diving regulations">Diving regulations</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_legislation_regulating_underwater_diving" title="List of legislation regulating underwater diving">List of legislation regulating underwater diving</a></li>

<li><a href="Investigation_of_diving_accidents" title="Investigation of diving accidents">Investigation of diving accidents</a></li>

<li><a href="Convention_on_the_Protection_of_the_Underwater_Cultural_Heritage" title="Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage">Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="History_of_decompression_research_and_development" title="History of decompression research and development">History of decompression research and development</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_dive_computers" class="mw-redirect" title="History of dive computers">History of dive computers</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_Diving_Museum" title="History of Diving Museum">History of Diving Museum</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_scuba_diving" title="History of scuba diving">History of scuba diving</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_researchers_in_underwater_diving" title="List of researchers in underwater diving">List of researchers in underwater diving</a></li>

<li><a href="Lyons_Maritime_Museum" title="Lyons Maritime Museum">Lyons Maritime Museum</a></li>

<li><a href="Man_in_the_Sea_Museum" title="Man in the Sea Museum">Man in the Sea Museum</a></li>

<li><a href="Timeline_of_atmospheric_diving_suits" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of atmospheric diving suits">Timeline of atmospheric diving suits</a></li>

<li><a href="Timeline_of_diving_technology" title="Timeline of diving technology">Timeline of diving technology</a></li>

<li><a href="Pearling_in_Western_Australia" title="Pearling in Western Australia">Pearling in Western Australia</a></li>

<li><a href="US_Navy_decompression_models_and_tables" title="US Navy decompression models and tables">US Navy decompression models and tables</a></li></ul>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Archeological<br>sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="SS_Commodore" title="SS Commodore">SS <i>Commodore</i></a></li>

<li><a href="USS_Monitor" title="USS Monitor">USS <i>Monitor</i></a></li>

<li><i><a href="Queen_Anne's_Revenge" title="Queen Anne's Revenge">Queen Anne's Revenge</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Whydah_Gally" title="Whydah Gally">Whydah Gally</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Underwater art<br>and artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="The_Diver" title="The Diver">The Diver</a></li>

<li><a href="Jason_deCaires_Taylor" title="Jason deCaires Taylor">Jason deCaires Taylor</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Engineers<br>and inventors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Jer%C3%B3nimo_de_Ayanz_y_Beaumont" title="Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont">Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont</a></li>

<li><a href="William_Beebe" title="William Beebe">William Beebe</a></li>

<li><a href="Georges_Beuchat" title="Georges Beuchat">Georges Beuchat</a></li>

<li><a href="Giovanni_Alfonso_Borelli" title="Giovanni Alfonso Borelli">Giovanni Alfonso Borelli</a></li>

<li><a href="Joseph-Martin_Cabirol" title="Joseph-Martin Cabirol">Joseph-Martin Cabirol</a></li>

<li><a href="John_R._Clarke_(scientist)" title="John R. Clarke (scientist)">John R. Clarke</a></li>

<li><a href="Jacques_Cousteau" title="Jacques Cousteau">Jacques Cousteau</a></li>

<li><a href="Charles_Anthony_Deane" title="Charles Anthony Deane">Charles Anthony Deane</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Deane_(inventor)" title="John Deane (inventor)">John Deane</a></li>

<li><a href="Louis_de_Corlieu" title="Louis de Corlieu">Louis de Corlieu</a></li>

<li><a href="Auguste_Denayrouze" title="Auguste Denayrouze">Auguste Denayrouze</a></li>

<li><a href="Ted_Eldred" title="Ted Eldred">Ted Eldred</a></li>

<li><a href="Henry_Fleuss" title="Henry Fleuss">Henry Fleuss</a></li>

<li><a href="%C3%89mile_Gagnan" title="Émile Gagnan">Émile Gagnan</a></li>

<li><a href="Karl_Heinrich_Klingert" title="Karl Heinrich Klingert">Karl Heinrich Klingert</a></li>

<li><a href="Peter_Kreeft_(diver)" title="Peter Kreeft (diver)">Peter Kreeft</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_J._Lambertsen" title="Christian J. Lambertsen">Christian J. Lambertsen</a></li>

<li><a href="Yves_Le_Prieur" title="Yves Le Prieur">Yves Le Prieur</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Lethbridge" title="John Lethbridge">John Lethbridge</a></li>

<li><a href="Ernest_William_Moir" title="Ernest William Moir">Ernest William Moir</a></li>

<li><a href="Joseph_Salim_Peress" title="Joseph Salim Peress">Joseph Salim Peress</a></li>

<li><a href="Auguste_Piccard" title="Auguste Piccard">Auguste Piccard</a></li>

<li><a href="Joe_Savoie" title="Joe Savoie">Joe Savoie</a></li>

<li><a href="Willard_Franklyn_Searle" title="Willard Franklyn Searle">Willard Franklyn Searle</a></li>

<li><a href="Gordon_Smith_(inventor)" title="Gordon Smith (inventor)">Gordon Smith</a></li>

<li><a href="Augustus_Siebe" title="Augustus Siebe">Augustus Siebe</a></li>

<li><a href="Pierre-Marie_Touboulic" title="Pierre-Marie Touboulic">Pierre-Marie Touboulic</a></li>

<li><a href="Jacques_Triger" title="Jacques Triger">Jacques Triger</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical<br>equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="RV_Calypso" title="RV Calypso">RV <i>Calypso</i></a></li>

<li><a href="SP-350_Denise" title="SP-350 Denise">SP-350 <i>Denise</i></a></li>

<li><a href="Magnesium_torch" title="Magnesium torch">Magnesium torch</a></li>

<li><a href="Nikonos" title="Nikonos">Nikonos</a></li>

<li><a href="Porpoise_(scuba_gear)" title="Porpoise (scuba gear)">Porpoise regulator</a></li>

<li><a href="Standard_diving_dress" title="Standard diving dress">Standard diving dress</a></li>

<li><a href="Sub_Marine_Explorer" title="Sub Marine Explorer">Sub Marine Explorer</a></li>

<li><a href="Vintage_scuba" title="Vintage scuba">Vintage scuba</a></li></ul>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Diverpropulsionvehicles64" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Diver_propulsion_vehicle" title="Diver propulsion vehicle">Diver<br>propulsion<br>vehicles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Advanced_SEAL_Delivery_System" title="Advanced SEAL Delivery System">Advanced SEAL Delivery System</a></li>

<li><a href="Cosmos_CE2F_series" title="Cosmos CE2F series">Cosmos CE2F series</a></li>

<li><a href="Dry_Combat_Submersible" title="Dry Combat Submersible">Dry Combat Submersible</a></li>

<li><a href="Human_torpedo" title="Human torpedo">Human torpedo</a></li>

<li><a href="Motorised_Submersible_Canoe" title="Motorised Submersible Canoe">Motorised Submersible Canoe</a></li>

<li><a href="Necker_Nymph" title="Necker Nymph">Necker Nymph</a></li>

<li><a href="R-2_Mala-class_swimmer_delivery_vehicle" title="R-2 Mala-class swimmer delivery vehicle">R-2 Mala-class swimmer delivery vehicle</a></li>

<li><a href="SEAL_Delivery_Vehicle" title="SEAL Delivery Vehicle">SEAL Delivery Vehicle</a></li>

<li><a href="Shallow_Water_Combat_Submersible" title="Shallow Water Combat Submersible">Shallow Water Combat Submersible</a></li>

<li><a href="Siluro_San_Bartolomeo" title="Siluro San Bartolomeo">Siluro San Bartolomeo</a></li>

<li><a href="Welfreighter" title="Welfreighter">Welfreighter</a></li>

<li><a href="Wet_Nellie" title="Wet Nellie">Wet Nellie</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military and<br>covert operations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Raid_on_Alexandria_(1941)" title="Raid on Alexandria (1941)">Raid on Alexandria (1941)</a></li>

<li><a href="Sinking_of_the_Rainbow_Warrior" title="Sinking of the Rainbow Warrior">Sinking of the <i>Rainbow Warrior</i></a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scientific projects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="1992_cageless_shark-diving_expedition" title="1992 cageless shark-diving expedition">1992 cageless shark-diving expedition</a></li>

<li><a href="Mission_31" title="Mission 31">Mission 31</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Awards and events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Hans_Hass_Award" title="Hans Hass Award">Hans Hass Award</a></li>

<li><a href="International_Scuba_Diving_Hall_of_Fame" title="International Scuba Diving Hall of Fame">International Scuba Diving Hall of Fame</a></li>

<li><a href="London_Diving_Chamber_Dive_Lectures" title="London Diving Chamber Dive Lectures">London Diving Chamber Dive Lectures</a></li>

<li><a href="NOGI_Awards" title="NOGI Awards">NOGI Awards</a></li>

<li><a href="Women_Divers_Hall_of_Fame" title="Women Divers Hall of Fame">Women Divers Hall of Fame</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Dive_boat" title="Dive boat">Dive boat</a> incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Sinking_of_MV_Conception" title="Sinking of MV Conception">Sinking of MV <i>Conception</i></a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diver rescues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Alpazat_cave_rescue" title="Alpazat cave rescue">Alpazat cave rescue</a></li>

<li><a href="Tham_Luang_cave_rescue" title="Tham Luang cave rescue">Tham Luang cave rescue</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early diving</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="John_Day_(carpenter)" title="John Day (carpenter)">John Day (carpenter)</a></li>

<li><a href="Charles_Spalding" title="Charles Spalding">Charles Spalding</a></li>

<li><a href="Ebenezer_Watson" class="mw-redirect" title="Ebenezer Watson">Ebenezer Watson</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Freediving" title="Freediving">Freediving</a> fatalities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Stephen_Keenan" title="Stephen Keenan">Stephen Keenan</a></li>

<li><a href="Lo%C3%AFc_Leferme" title="Loïc Leferme">Loïc Leferme</a></li>

<li><a href="Audrey_Mestre" title="Audrey Mestre">Audrey Mestre</a></li>

<li><a href="Nicholas_Mevoli" title="Nicholas Mevoli">Nicholas Mevoli</a></li>

<li><a href="Natalia_Molchanova" title="Natalia Molchanova">Natalia Molchanova</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Offshore_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Offshore diving">Offshore<br>diving</a> incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Byford_Dolphin#Diving_bell_accident" title="Byford Dolphin"><i>Byford Dolphin</i> diving bell accident</a></li>

<li><a href="Drill_Master_diving_accident" title="Drill Master diving accident"><i>Drill Master</i> diving accident</a></li>

<li><a href="Star_Canopus_diving_accident" title="Star Canopus diving accident"><i>Star Canopus</i> diving accident</a></li>

<li><a href="Stena_Seaspread_diving_accident" title="Stena Seaspread diving accident"><i>Stena Seaspread</i> diving accident</a></li>

<li><a href="Venture_One_diving_accident" class="mw-redirect" title="Venture One diving accident"><i>Venture One</i> diving accident</a></li>

<li><a href="Waage_Drill_II_diving_accident" title="Waage Drill II diving accident"><i>Waage Drill II</i> diving accident</a></li>

<li><a href="Wildrake_diving_accident" title="Wildrake diving accident"><i>Wildrake</i> diving accident</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Professional_diving" title="Professional diving">Professional<br>diving</a> fatalities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Roger_Baldwin_(diver)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roger Baldwin (diver)">Roger Baldwin</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Bennett_(diver)" title="John Bennett (diver)">John Bennett</a></li>

<li><a href="Victor_F._Guiel_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Victor F. Guiel Jr.">Victor F. Guiel Jr.</a></li>

<li><a href="Francis_P._Hammerberg" title="Francis P. Hammerberg">Francis P. Hammerberg</a></li>

<li><a href="Craig_M._Hoffman" class="mw-redirect" title="Craig M. Hoffman">Craig M. Hoffman</a></li>

<li><a href="Peter_Henry_Michael_Holmes" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Henry Michael Holmes">Peter Henry Michael Holmes</a></li>

<li><a href="Johnson_Sea_Link_accident" title="Johnson Sea Link accident">Johnson Sea Link accident</a>

<ul><li><a href="Edwin_Clayton_Link" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwin Clayton Link">Edwin Clayton Link</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Gerard_Anthony_Prangley" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerard Anthony Prangley">Gerard Anthony Prangley</a></li>

<li><a href="Per_Skipnes" class="mw-redirect" title="Per Skipnes">Per Skipnes</a></li>

<li><a href="Robert_John_Smyth" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert John Smyth">Robert John Smyth</a></li>

<li><a href="Albert_D._Stover" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert D. Stover">Albert D. Stover</a></li>

<li><a href="Richard_A._Walker" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard A. Walker">Richard A. Walker</a></li>

<li><a href="Lothar_Michael_Ward" class="mw-redirect" title="Lothar Michael Ward">Lothar Michael Ward</a></li>

<li><a href="Joachim_Wendler" title="Joachim Wendler">Joachim Wendler</a></li>

<li><a href="Death_of_Bradley_Westell" title="Death of Bradley Westell">Bradley Westell</a></li>

<li><a href="Arne_Zetterstr%C3%B6m" title="Arne Zetterström">Arne Zetterström</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Scuba_diving_fatalities" title="Scuba diving fatalities">Scuba diving<br>fatalities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="1973_Mount_Gambier_cave_diving_accident" title="1973 Mount Gambier cave diving accident">1973 Mount Gambier cave diving accident</a></li>

<li><a href="Ricardo_Armbruster" title="Ricardo Armbruster">Ricardo Armbruster</a></li>

<li><a href="Allan_Bridge" title="Allan Bridge">Allan Bridge</a></li>

<li><a href="David_Bright_(diver)" title="David Bright (diver)">David Bright</a></li>

<li><a href="Berry_L._Cannon" title="Berry L. Cannon">Berry L. Cannon</a></li>

<li><a href="Cotton_Coulson" title="Cotton Coulson">Cotton Coulson</a></li>

<li><a href="Cl%C3%A1udio_Coutinho" title="Cláudio Coutinho">Cláudio Coutinho</a></li>

<li><a href="E._Yale_Dawson" title="E. Yale Dawson">E. Yale Dawson</a></li>

<li><a href="Deon_Dreyer" title="Deon Dreyer">Deon Dreyer</a></li>

<li><a href="Milan_Dufek" title="Milan Dufek">Milan Dufek</a></li>

<li><a href="Sheck_Exley" title="Sheck Exley">Sheck Exley</a></li>

<li><a href="Maurice_Fargues" title="Maurice Fargues">Maurice Fargues</a></li>

<li><a href="Fernando_Garfella_Palmer" title="Fernando Garfella Palmer">Fernando Garfella Palmer</a></li>

<li><a href="Guy_Garman" title="Guy Garman">Guy Garman</a></li>

<li><a href="Steve_Irwin" title="Steve Irwin">Steve Irwin</a>

<ul><li><a href="Death_of_Steve_Irwin" title="Death of Steve Irwin">death</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Jim_Jones_(American_football%2C_born_1935)" title="Jim Jones (American football, born 1935)">Jim Jones</a></li>

<li><a href="Henry_Way_Kendall" title="Henry Way Kendall">Henry Way Kendall</a></li>

<li><a href="Artur_Koz%C5%82owski_(speleologist)" title="Artur Kozłowski (speleologist)">Artur Kozłowski</a></li>

<li><a href="Yuri_Lipski" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuri Lipski">Yuri Lipski</a></li>

<li><a href="Kirsty_MacColl" title="Kirsty MacColl">Kirsty MacColl</a></li>

<li><a href="Death_of_Linnea_Mills" title="Death of Linnea Mills">Linnea Mills</a></li>

<li><a href="Agnes_Milowka" title="Agnes Milowka">Agnes Milowka</a></li>

<li><a href="Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Roubaix" title="François de Roubaix">François de Roubaix</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Last_Dive" title="The Last Dive">Chris and Chrissy Rouse</a></li>

<li><a href="Wesley_C._Skiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Wesley C. Skiles">Wesley C. Skiles</a></li>

<li><a href="Dewey_Smith" title="Dewey Smith">Dewey Smith</a></li>

<li><a href="Rob_Stewart_(filmmaker)" title="Rob Stewart (filmmaker)">Rob Stewart</a></li>

<li><a href="Esbj%C3%B6rn_Svensson" title="Esbjörn Svensson">Esbjörn Svensson</a></li>

<li><a href="Josef_Velek" title="Josef Velek">Josef Velek</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Publications1383" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Publications</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="NOAA_Diving_Manual" title="NOAA Diving Manual">NOAA Diving Manual</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="U.S._Navy_Diving_Manual" title="U.S. Navy Diving Manual">U.S. Navy Diving Manual</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Basic_Cave_Diving%3A_A_Blueprint_for_Survival" title="Basic Cave Diving: A Blueprint for Survival">Basic Cave Diving: A Blueprint for Survival</a></i></li>

<li><i>Underwater Handbook</i></li>

<li><i>Bennett and Elliott's physiology and medicine of diving</i></li>

<li><i>Encyclopedia of Recreational Diving</i></li>

<li><i>The new science of skin and scuba diving</i></li>

<li><i>Professional Diver's Handbook</i></li>

<li><i>Basic Scuba</i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Standards and<br>Codes of Practice</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Code_of_Practice_for_Scientific_Diving_(UNESCO)" class="mw-redirect" title="Code of Practice for Scientific Diving (UNESCO)">Code of Practice for Scientific Diving (UNESCO)</a></li>

<li><a href="IMCA_Code_of_Practice_for_Offshore_Diving" class="mw-redirect" title="IMCA Code of Practice for Offshore Diving">IMCA Code of Practice for Offshore Diving</a></li>

<li><a href="ISO_24801_Recreational_diving_services_%E2%80%94_Requirements_for_the_training_of_recreational_scuba_divers" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 24801 Recreational diving services — Requirements for the training of recreational scuba divers">ISO 24801 Recreational diving services — Requirements for the training of recreational scuba divers</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General non-fiction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="The_Darkness_Beckons" title="The Darkness Beckons">The Darkness Beckons</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Goldfinder" title="Goldfinder">Goldfinder</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Shadow_Divers" title="Shadow Divers">Shadow Divers</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="The_Silent_World%3A_A_Story_of_Undersea_Discovery_and_Adventure" title="The Silent World: A Story of Undersea Discovery and Adventure">The Silent World: A Story of Undersea Discovery and Adventure</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_Divers_Alert_Network_publications" title="List of Divers Alert Network publications">List of Divers Alert Network publications</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Dive_guide_(publication)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dive guide (publication)">Dive guides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Training_and_registration1383" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Training and registration</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Diver_training" title="Diver training">Diver<br>training</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Competence and assessment

<ul><li><a href="Competency-based_learning" title="Competency-based learning">Competency-based learning</a></li>

<li><a href="Refresher_training_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Refresher training (diving)">Refresher training</a></li>

<li><a href="Skill_assessment" title="Skill assessment">Skill assessment</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Diver_training_standard" title="Diver training standard">Diver training standard</a></li>

<li><a href="Diving_instructor" title="Diving instructor">Diving instructor</a></li>

<li><a href="Diving_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving school">Diving school</a></li>

<li>Occupational diver training

<ul><li><a href="Commercial_diver_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercial diver training">Commercial diver training</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_diver_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Military diver training">Military diver training</a></li>

<li><a href="Public_safety_diver_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Public safety diver training">Public safety diver training</a></li>

<li><a href="Scientific_diver_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific diver training">Scientific diver training</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Recreational_diver_training" title="Recreational diver training">Recreational diver training</a>

<ul><li><a href="Introductory_diving" title="Introductory diving">Introductory diving</a></li>

<li><a href="ISO_recreational_diving_training_standards" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO recreational diving training standards">ISO training standards</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Teaching_method" title="Teaching method">Teaching method</a>

<ul><li><a href="Muscle_memory" title="Muscle memory">Muscle memory</a></li>

<li><a href="Overlearning" title="Overlearning">Overlearning</a></li>

<li><a href="Stress_exposure_training" title="Stress exposure training">Stress exposure training</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Skills6" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Skills</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Combat_sidestroke" title="Combat sidestroke">Combat sidestroke</a></li>

<li><a href="Diver_navigation" title="Diver navigation">Diver navigation</a></li>

<li><a href="Diver_trim" title="Diver trim">Diver trim</a></li>

<li><a href="Ear_clearing" title="Ear clearing">Ear clearing</a>

<ul><li><a href="Frenzel_maneuver" title="Frenzel maneuver">Frenzel maneuver</a></li>

<li><a href="Valsalva_maneuver" title="Valsalva maneuver">Valsalva maneuver</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Finning_techniques" title="Finning techniques">Finning techniques</a></li>

<li><a href="Scuba_skills" title="Scuba skills">Scuba skills</a>

<ul><li><a href="Buddy_breathing" title="Buddy breathing">Buddy breathing</a></li>

<li><a href="Low_impact_diving" title="Low impact diving">Low impact diving</a>

<ul><li><a href="Diamond_Reef_System" title="Diamond Reef System">Diamond Reef System</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Surface-supplied_diving_skills" title="Surface-supplied diving skills">Surface-supplied diving skills</a></li>

<li><a href="Underwater_searches" title="Underwater searches">Underwater searches</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Recreational_scuba_certification_levels" title="Recreational scuba certification levels">Recreational<br>scuba<br>certification<br>levels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Core diving skills</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Advanced_Open_Water_Diver" title="Advanced Open Water Diver">Advanced Open Water Diver</a></li>

<li><a href="Autonomous_diver" title="Autonomous diver">Autonomous diver</a></li>

<li><a href="CMAS*_scuba_diver" title="CMAS* scuba diver">CMAS* scuba diver</a></li>

<li><a href="CMAS**_scuba_diver" title="CMAS** scuba diver">CMAS** scuba diver</a></li>

<li><a href="Introductory_diving" title="Introductory diving">Introductory diving</a></li>

<li><a href="Low_Impact_Diver" class="mw-redirect" title="Low Impact Diver">Low Impact Diver</a></li>

<li><a href="Master_Scuba_Diver" title="Master Scuba Diver">Master Scuba Diver</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_Water_Diver" title="Open Water Diver">Open Water Diver</a></li>

<li><a href="Supervised_diver" title="Supervised diver">Supervised diver</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leadership skills</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Dive_leader" title="Dive leader">Dive leader</a>

<ul><li><a href="Divemaster" title="Divemaster">Divemaster</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Diving_instructor" title="Diving instructor">Diving instructor</a>

<ul><li><a href="Master_Instructor" class="mw-redirect" title="Master Instructor">Master Instructor</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specialist skills</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Rescue_Diver" title="Rescue Diver">Rescue Diver</a></li>

<li><a href="Solo_diver" class="mw-redirect" title="Solo diver">Solo diver</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Diver_training_organization" title="Diver training organization">Diver training<br>certification<br>and registration<br>organisations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="European_Underwater_Federation" title="European Underwater Federation">European Underwater Federation</a> (EUF)</li>

<li><a href="International_Diving_Regulators_and_Certifiers_Forum" title="International Diving Regulators and Certifiers Forum">International Diving Regulators and Certifiers Forum</a> (IDRCF)</li>

<li><a href="International_Diving_Schools_Association" title="International Diving Schools Association">International Diving Schools Association</a> (IDSA)</li>

<li><a href="International_Marine_Contractors_Association" title="International Marine Contractors Association">International Marine Contractors Association</a> (IMCA)</li>

<li><a href="List_of_diver_certification_organizations" title="List of diver certification organizations">List of diver certification organizations</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a> (NOAA)</li>

<li><a href="Nautical_Archaeology_Society" title="Nautical Archaeology Society">Nautical Archaeology Society</a></li>

<li><a href="Recreational_diver_course_referral" title="Recreational diver course referral">Recreational diver course referral</a></li>

<li><a href="World_Recreational_Scuba_Training_Council" title="World Recreational Scuba Training Council">World Recreational Scuba Training Council</a> (WRSTC)</li></ul>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commercial diver<br>certification<br>authorities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Australian_Diver_Accreditation_Scheme" title="Australian Diver Accreditation Scheme">Australian Diver Accreditation Scheme</a> (ADAS)</li>

<li><a href="Commercial_diver_registration_in_South_Africa" title="Commercial diver registration in South Africa">Commercial diver registration in South Africa</a></li>

<li><a href="Divers_Institute_of_Technology" title="Divers Institute of Technology">Divers Institute of Technology</a></li>

<li><a href="Health_and_Safety_Executive" title="Health and Safety Executive">Health and Safety Executive</a> (HSE)</li>

<li><a href="Department_of_Employment_and_Labour" title="Department of Employment and Labour">Department of Employment and Labour</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commercial diving<br>schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Divers_Academy_International" title="Divers Academy International">Divers Academy International</a></li>

<li><a href="Western_Norway_University_of_Applied_Sciences#Norwegian_diver_school" title="Western Norway University of Applied Sciences">Norwegian diver school</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Free-diving<br>certification<br>agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="AIDA_International" title="AIDA International">AIDA International</a> (AIDA)</li>

<li><a href="Performance_Freediving_International" title="Performance Freediving International">Performance Freediving International</a> (PI)</li>

<li><a href="Scuba_Schools_International" title="Scuba Schools International">Scuba Schools International</a> (SSI)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Recreational<br>scuba<br>certification<br>agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="American_Canadian_Underwater_Certifications" title="American Canadian Underwater Certifications">American Canadian Underwater Certifications</a> (ACUC)</li>

<li><a href="American_Nitrox_Divers_International" title="American Nitrox Divers International">American Nitrox Divers International</a> (ANDI)</li>

<li><a href="Association_nationale_des_moniteurs_de_plong%C3%A9e" title="Association nationale des moniteurs de plongée">Association nationale des moniteurs de plongée</a> (ANMP)</li>

<li><a href="British_Sub-Aqua_Club" title="British Sub-Aqua Club">British Sub-Aqua Club</a> (BSAC)</li>

<li><a href="Comhairle_Fo-Thuinn" title="Comhairle Fo-Thuinn">Comhairle Fo-Thuinn</a> (CFT)</li>

<li><a href="Federazione_Italiana_Attivit%C3%A0_Subacquee" title="Federazione Italiana Attività Subacquee">Federazione Italiana Attività Subacquee</a> (FIAS)</li>

<li><a href="Global_Underwater_Explorers" title="Global Underwater Explorers">Global Underwater Explorers</a> (GUE)</li>

<li><a href="International_Association_for_Handicapped_Divers" title="International Association for Handicapped Divers">International Association for Handicapped Divers</a> (IAHD)</li>

<li><a href="International_Association_of_Nitrox_and_Technical_Divers" title="International Association of Nitrox and Technical Divers">International Association of Nitrox and Technical Divers</a> (IANTD)</li>

<li><a href="International_Life_Saving_Federation" title="International Life Saving Federation">International Life Saving Federation</a> (ILS)</li>

<li><a href="Israeli_Diving_Federation" title="Israeli Diving Federation">Israeli Diving Federation</a> (TIDF)</li>

<li><a href="National_Academy_of_Scuba_Educators" title="National Academy of Scuba Educators">National Academy of Scuba Educators</a> (NASE)</li>

<li><a href="National_Association_of_Underwater_Instructors" title="National Association of Underwater Instructors">National Association of Underwater Instructors</a> (NAUI)</li>

<li><a href="Nederlandse_Onderwatersport_Bond" title="Nederlandse Onderwatersport Bond">Nederlandse Onderwatersport Bond</a> (NOB)</li>

<li><a href="Professional_Association_of_Diving_Instructors" title="Professional Association of Diving Instructors">Professional Association of Diving Instructors</a> (PADI)</li>

<li><a href="Professional_Diving_Instructors_Corporation" title="Professional Diving Instructors Corporation">Professional Diving Instructors Corporation</a> (PDIC)</li>

<li><a href="Professional_Technical_and_Recreational_Diving" title="Professional Technical and Recreational Diving">Professional Technical and Recreational Diving</a> (ProTec)</li>

<li><a href="Rebreather_Association_of_International_Divers" title="Rebreather Association of International Divers">Rebreather Association of International Divers</a> (RAID)</li>

<li><a href="Sub-Aqua_Association" title="Sub-Aqua Association">Sub-Aqua Association</a> (SAA)</li>

<li><a href="Scuba_Diving_International" title="Scuba Diving International">Scuba Diving International</a> (SDI)</li>

<li><a href="Scuba_Educators_International" title="Scuba Educators International">Scuba Educators International</a> (SEI)</li>

<li><a href="Scuba_Schools_International" title="Scuba Schools International">Scuba Schools International</a> (SSI)</li>

<li><a href="Turkish_Underwater_Sports_Federation" title="Turkish Underwater Sports Federation">Türkiye Sualtı Sporları Federasyonu</a> (TSSF)</li>

<li><a href="United_Diving_Instructors" title="United Diving Instructors">United Diving Instructors</a> (UDI)</li>

<li><a href="YMCA_SCUBA_Program" title="YMCA SCUBA Program">YMCA SCUBA Program</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scientific diver<br>certification<br>authorities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="American_Academy_of_Underwater_Sciences" title="American Academy of Underwater Sciences">American Academy of Underwater Sciences</a> (AAUS)</li>

<li><a href="Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Mondiale_des_Activit%C3%A9s_Subaquatiques#Scientific_committee" title="Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques">CMAS Scientific Committee</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technical diver<br>certification<br>agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="American_Nitrox_Divers_International" title="American Nitrox Divers International">American Nitrox Divers International</a> (ANDI)</li>

<li><a href="British_Sub-Aqua_Club" title="British Sub-Aqua Club">British Sub-Aqua Club</a> (BSAC)</li>

<li><a href="Diving_Science_and_Technology" title="Diving Science and Technology">Diving Science and Technology</a> (DSAT)</li>

<li><a href="Federazione_Italiana_Attivit%C3%A0_Subacquee" title="Federazione Italiana Attività Subacquee">Federazione Italiana Attività Subacquee</a> (FIAS)</li>

<li><a href="Professional_Association_of_Diving_Instructors" title="Professional Association of Diving Instructors">Professional Association of Diving Instructors</a> (PADI)</li>

<li><a href="Professional_Diving_Instructors_Corporation" title="Professional Diving Instructors Corporation">Professional Diving Instructors Corporation</a> (PDIC)</li>

<li><a href="Professional_Technical_and_Recreational_Diving" title="Professional Technical and Recreational Diving">Professional Technical and Recreational Diving</a> (ProTec)</li>

<li><a href="Rebreather_Association_of_International_Divers" title="Rebreather Association of International Divers">Rebreather Association of International Divers</a> (RAID)</li>

<li><a href="Trimix_Scuba_Association" title="Trimix Scuba Association">Trimix Scuba Association</a> (TSA)</li>

<li><a href="Scuba_Schools_International" title="Scuba Schools International">Technical Extended Range</a> (TXR)</li></ul>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Cavediving16" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cave<br>diving</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cave_Divers_Association_of_Australia" title="Cave Divers Association of Australia">Cave Divers Association of Australia</a> (CDAA)</li>

<li><a href="Cave_Diving_Group" title="Cave Diving Group">Cave Diving Group</a> (CDG)</li>

<li><a href="Global_Underwater_Explorers" title="Global Underwater Explorers">Global Underwater Explorers</a> (GUE)</li>

<li><a href="National_Speleological_Society#Cave_Diving_Group" title="National Speleological Society">National Speleological Society#Cave Diving Group</a> (CDG)</li>

<li><a href="National_Association_of_Underwater_Instructors" title="National Association of Underwater Instructors">National Association of Underwater Instructors</a> (NAUI)</li>

<li><a href="Technical_Diving_International" title="Technical Diving International">Technical Diving International</a> (TDI)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military diver<br>training centres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Defence_Diving_School" title="Defence Diving School">Defence Diving School</a></li>

<li><a href="Naval_Support_Activity_Panama_City#Tenant_commands" title="Naval Support Activity Panama City">Navy Diving Salvage and Training Center</a></li>

<li><a href="Underwater_Escape_Training_Unit" title="Underwater Escape Training Unit">Underwater Escape Training Unit</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military diver<br>training courses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="United_States_Marine_Corps_Combatant_Diver_Course" title="United States Marine Corps Combatant Diver Course">United States Marine Corps Combatant Diver Course</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Underwater_sports1383" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Underwater_sports" title="Underwater sports">Underwater sports</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Surface snorkeling</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Finswimming" title="Finswimming">Finswimming</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Snorkeling/breath-hold</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Spearfishing" title="Spearfishing">Spearfishing</a></li>

<li><a href="Underwater_football" title="Underwater football">Underwater football</a></li>

<li><a href="Underwater_hockey" title="Underwater hockey">Underwater hockey</a>

<ul><li><a href="Underwater_hockey_in_Australia" title="Underwater hockey in Australia">Australia</a></li>

<li><a href="Underwater_hockey_in_Turkey" title="Underwater hockey in Turkey">Turkey</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Underwater_rugby" title="Underwater rugby">Underwater rugby</a>

<ul><li><a href="Underwater_rugby_in_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="Underwater rugby in Colombia">Colombia</a></li>

<li><a href="Underwater_rugby_in_the_United_States" title="Underwater rugby in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Underwater_target_shooting" title="Underwater target shooting">Underwater target shooting</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Breath-hold</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Aquathlon_(underwater_wrestling)" title="Aquathlon (underwater wrestling)">Aquathlon</a></li>

<li><a href="Apnoea_finswimming" class="mw-redirect" title="Apnoea finswimming">Apnoea finswimming</a></li>

<li><a href="Freediving" title="Freediving">Freediving</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Open Circuit Scuba</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Immersion_finswimming" class="mw-redirect" title="Immersion finswimming">Immersion finswimming</a></li>

<li><a href="Sport_diving_(sport)" title="Sport diving (sport)">Sport diving</a></li>

<li><a href="Underwater_cycling" title="Underwater cycling">Underwater cycling</a></li>

<li><a href="Underwater_orienteering" title="Underwater orienteering">Underwater orienteering</a></li>

<li><a href="Underwater_photography_(sport)" title="Underwater photography (sport)">Underwater photography</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rebreather</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Underwater_photography_(sport)" title="Underwater photography (sport)">Underwater photography</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sports governing<br>organisations<br> and federations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>International

<ul><li><a href="AIDA_International" title="AIDA International">AIDA International</a></li>

<li>National

<ul><li><a href="AIDA_Hellas" title="AIDA Hellas">AIDA Hellas</a></li>

<li><a href="Australian_Underwater_Federation" title="Australian Underwater Federation">Australian Underwater Federation</a></li>

<li><a href="British_Freediving_Association" title="British Freediving Association">British Freediving Association</a></li>

<li><a href="British_Octopush_Association" title="British Octopush Association">British Octopush Association</a></li>

<li><a href="British_Underwater_Sports_Association" title="British Underwater Sports Association">British Underwater Sports Association</a></li>

<li><a href="Comhairle_Fo-Thuinn" title="Comhairle Fo-Thuinn">Comhairle Fo-Thuinn</a></li>

<li><a href="Federaci%C3%B3n_Espa%C3%B1ola_de_Actividades_Subacu%C3%A1ticas" title="Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas">Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas</a></li>

<li><a href="French_federation_of_underwater_studies_and_sports" class="mw-redirect" title="French federation of underwater studies and sports">Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins</a></li>

<li><a href="South_African_Underwater_Sports_Federation" title="South African Underwater Sports Federation">South African Underwater Sports Federation</a></li>

<li><a href="Turkish_Underwater_Sports_Federation" title="Turkish Underwater Sports Federation">Türkiye Sualtı Sporları Federasyonu</a></li>

<li><a href="Underwater_Society_of_America" title="Underwater Society of America">Underwater Society of America</a>)</li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Competitions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="14th_CMAS_Underwater_Photography_World_Championship" title="14th CMAS Underwater Photography World Championship">14th CMAS Underwater Photography World Championship</a></li>

<li><a href="Underwater_Hockey_World_Championships" title="Underwater Hockey World Championships">Underwater Hockey World Championships</a></li>

<li><a href="Underwater_Orienteering_World_Championships" title="Underwater Orienteering World Championships">Underwater Orienteering World Championships</a></li>

<li><a href="Underwater_Rugby_World_Championships" title="Underwater Rugby World Championships">Underwater Rugby World Championships</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Underwater_divers1383" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Outline_of_underwater_divers" title="Outline of underwater divers">Underwater divers</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pioneers<br>of diving</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Eduard_Admetlla_i_L%C3%A1zaro" title="Eduard Admetlla i Lázaro">Eduard Admetlla i Lázaro</a></li>

<li><a href="Aquanaut" title="Aquanaut">Aquanaut</a></li>

<li><a href="Mary_Bonnin" title="Mary Bonnin">Mary Bonnin</a></li>

<li><a href="Amelia_Behrens-Furniss" title="Amelia Behrens-Furniss">Amelia Behrens-Furniss</a></li>

<li><a href="James_F._Cahill" title="James F. Cahill">James F. Cahill</a></li>

<li><a href="Jacques_Cousteau" title="Jacques Cousteau">Jacques Cousteau</a></li>

<li><a href="Billy_Deans_(diver)" title="Billy Deans (diver)">Billy Deans</a></li>

<li><a href="Dottie_Frazier" title="Dottie Frazier">Dottie Frazier</a></li>

<li><a href="Trevor_Hampton" title="Trevor Hampton">Trevor Hampton</a></li>

<li><a href="Hannes_Keller" title="Hannes Keller">Hannes Keller</a></li>

<li><a href="Dick_Rutkowski" title="Dick Rutkowski">Dick Rutkowski</a></li>

<li><a href="Teseo_Tesei" title="Teseo Tesei">Teseo Tesei</a></li>

<li><a href="Arne_Zetterstr%C3%B6m" title="Arne Zetterström">Arne Zetterström</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Underwater<br>scientists<br>archaeologists and<br>environmentalists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Michael_Arbuthnot" title="Michael Arbuthnot">Michael Arbuthnot</a></li>

<li><a href="Robert_Ballard" title="Robert Ballard">Robert Ballard</a></li>

<li><a href="George_Bass_(archaeologist)" title="George Bass (archaeologist)">George Bass</a></li>

<li><a href="Mensun_Bound" title="Mensun Bound">Mensun Bound</a></li>

<li><a href="Louis_Boutan" title="Louis Boutan">Louis Boutan</a></li>

<li><a href="Jeffrey_Bozanic" title="Jeffrey Bozanic">Jeffrey Bozanic</a></li>

<li><a href="Hugh_Bradner" title="Hugh Bradner">Hugh Bradner</a></li>

<li><a href="Cathy_Church" title="Cathy Church">Cathy Church</a></li>

<li><a href="Eugenie_Clark" title="Eugenie Clark">Eugenie Clark</a></li>

<li><a href="James_P._Delgado" title="James P. Delgado">James P. Delgado</a></li>

<li><a href="Sylvia_Earle" title="Sylvia Earle">Sylvia Earle</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Christopher_Fine" title="John Christopher Fine">John Christopher Fine</a></li>

<li><a href="George_R._Fischer" title="George R. Fischer">George R. Fischer</a></li>

<li><a href="Anders_Franz%C3%A9n" title="Anders Franzén">Anders Franzén</a></li>

<li><a href="Honor_Frost" title="Honor Frost">Honor Frost</a></li>

<li><a href="Fernando_Garfella_Palmer" title="Fernando Garfella Palmer">Fernando Garfella Palmer</a></li>

<li><a href="David_Gibbins" title="David Gibbins">David Gibbins</a></li>

<li><a href="Graham_Jessop" title="Graham Jessop">Graham Jessop</a></li>

<li><a href="Swietenia_Puspa_Lestari" title="Swietenia Puspa Lestari">Swietenia Puspa Lestari</a></li>

<li><a href="Pilar_Luna" title="Pilar Luna">Pilar Luna</a></li>

<li><a href="Robert_F._Marx" title="Robert F. Marx">Robert F. Marx</a></li>

<li><a href="Anna_Marguerite_McCann" title="Anna Marguerite McCann">Anna Marguerite McCann</a></li>

<li><a href="Innes_McCartney" title="Innes McCartney">Innes McCartney</a></li>

<li><a href="Charles_T._Meide" title="Charles T. Meide">Charles T. Meide</a></li>

<li><a href="Mark_M._Newell" title="Mark M. Newell">Mark M. Newell</a></li>

<li><a href="Lyuba_Ognenova-Marinova" title="Lyuba Ognenova-Marinova">Lyuba Ognenova-Marinova</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Peter_Oleson" title="John Peter Oleson">John Peter Oleson</a></li>

<li><a href="Mendel_L._Peterson" title="Mendel L. Peterson">Mendel L. Peterson</a></li>

<li><a href="Richard_Pyle" title="Richard Pyle">Richard Pyle</a></li>

<li><a href="Andreas_Rechnitzer" title="Andreas Rechnitzer">Andreas Rechnitzer</a></li>

<li><a href="William_R._Royal" title="William R. Royal">William R. Royal</a></li>

<li><a href="Margaret_Rule" title="Margaret Rule">Margaret Rule</a></li>

<li><a href="Gunter_Sch%C3%B6bel" title="Gunter Schöbel">Gunter Schöbel</a></li>

<li><a href="Stephanie_Schwabe" title="Stephanie Schwabe">Stephanie Schwabe</a></li>

<li><a href="Myriam_Seco" title="Myriam Seco">Myriam Seco</a></li>

<li><a href="E._Lee_Spence" title="E. Lee Spence">E. Lee Spence</a></li>

<li><a href="Robert_St%C3%A9nuit" title="Robert Sténuit">Robert Sténuit</a></li>

<li><a href="Peter_Throckmorton" title="Peter Throckmorton">Peter Throckmorton</a></li>

<li><a href="Cristina_Zenato" title="Cristina Zenato">Cristina Zenato</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scuba record<br>holders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Pascal_Bernab%C3%A9" title="Pascal Bernabé">Pascal Bernabé</a></li>

<li><a href="Jim_Bowden_(diver)" title="Jim Bowden (diver)">Jim Bowden</a></li>

<li><a href="Mark_Ellyatt" title="Mark Ellyatt">Mark Ellyatt</a></li>

<li><a href="Sheck_Exley" title="Sheck Exley">Sheck Exley</a></li>

<li><a href="Nuno_Gomes_(diver)" title="Nuno Gomes (diver)">Nuno Gomes</a></li>

<li><a href="Claudia_Serpieri" title="Claudia Serpieri">Claudia Serpieri</a></li>

<li><a href="Krzysztof_Starnawski" title="Krzysztof Starnawski">Krzysztof Starnawski</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Underwater<br>filmmakers<br>and presenters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Samir_Alhafith" title="Samir Alhafith">Samir Alhafith</a></li>

<li><a href="David_Attenborough" title="David Attenborough">David Attenborough</a></li>

<li><a href="Ram%C3%B3n_Bravo" title="Ramón Bravo">Ramón Bravo</a></li>

<li><a href="Jean-Michel_Cousteau" title="Jean-Michel Cousteau">Jean-Michel Cousteau</a></li>

<li><a href="Richie_Kohler" title="Richie Kohler">Richie Kohler</a></li>

<li><a href="Andy_Torbet" title="Andy Torbet">Andy Torbet</a></li>

<li><a href="Andrew_Wight" title="Andrew Wight">Andrew Wight</a></li>

<li><a href="James_Cameron" title="James Cameron">James Cameron</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Underwater<br>photographers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Doug_Allan" title="Doug Allan">Doug Allan</a></li>

<li><a href="Tamara_Benitez" title="Tamara Benitez">Tamara Benitez</a></li>

<li><a href="Georges_Beuchat" title="Georges Beuchat">Georges Beuchat</a></li>

<li><a href="Adrian_Biddle" title="Adrian Biddle">Adrian Biddle</a></li>

<li><a href="Jonathan_Bird" title="Jonathan Bird">Jonathan Bird</a></li>

<li><a href="Eric_Cheng" title="Eric Cheng">Eric Cheng</a></li>

<li><a href="Neville_Coleman" title="Neville Coleman">Neville Coleman</a></li>

<li><a href="Jacques_Cousteau" title="Jacques Cousteau">Jacques Cousteau</a></li>

<li><a href="John_D._Craig" title="John D. Craig">John D. Craig</a></li>

<li><a href="Ben_Cropp" title="Ben Cropp">Ben Cropp</a></li>

<li><a href="Bernard_Delemotte" title="Bernard Delemotte">Bernard Delemotte</a></li>

<li><a href="David_Doubilet" title="David Doubilet">David Doubilet</a></li>

<li><a href="Candice_Farmer" title="Candice Farmer">Candice Farmer</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Christopher_Fine" title="John Christopher Fine">John Christopher Fine</a></li>

<li><a href="Rodney_Fox" title="Rodney Fox">Rodney Fox</a></li>

<li><a href="Ric_Frazier" title="Ric Frazier">Ric Frazier</a></li>

<li><a href="Stephen_Frink" title="Stephen Frink">Stephen Frink</a></li>

<li><a href="Peter_Gimbel" title="Peter Gimbel">Peter Gimbel</a></li>

<li><a href="Monty_Halls" title="Monty Halls">Monty Halls</a></li>

<li><a href="Henry_Way_Kendall" title="Henry Way Kendall">Henry Way Kendall</a></li>

<li><a href="Rudie_Kuiter" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudie Kuiter">Rudie Kuiter</a></li>

<li><a href="Joseph_B._MacInnis" title="Joseph B. MacInnis">Joseph B. MacInnis</a></li>

<li><a href="Luis_Marden" title="Luis Marden">Luis Marden</a></li>

<li><a href="Agnes_Milowka" title="Agnes Milowka">Agnes Milowka</a></li>

<li><a href="Noel_Monkman" title="Noel Monkman">Noel Monkman</a></li>

<li><a href="Pete_Oxford" title="Pete Oxford">Pete Oxford</a></li>

<li><a href="Steve_Parish" class="mw-redirect" title="Steve Parish">Steve Parish</a></li>

<li><a href="Zale_Parry" title="Zale Parry">Zale Parry</a></li>

<li><a href="Pierre_Petit_(photographer)" title="Pierre Petit (photographer)">Pierre Petit</a></li>

<li><a href="Leni_Riefenstahl" title="Leni Riefenstahl">Leni Riefenstahl</a></li>

<li><a href="Peter_Scoones" title="Peter Scoones">Peter Scoones</a></li>

<li><a href="Brian_Skerry" title="Brian Skerry">Brian Skerry</a></li>

<li><a href="Wesley_C._Skiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Wesley C. Skiles">Wesley C. Skiles</a></li>

<li><a href="E._Lee_Spence" title="E. Lee Spence">E. Lee Spence</a></li>

<li><a href="Philippe_Tailliez" title="Philippe Tailliez">Philippe Tailliez</a></li>

<li><a href="Ron_Taylor_(diver)" title="Ron Taylor (diver)">Ron Taylor</a></li>

<li><a href="Valerie_Taylor_(diver)" title="Valerie Taylor (diver)">Valerie Taylor</a></li>

<li><a href="Albert_Tillman" title="Albert Tillman">Albert Tillman</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Veltri" title="John Veltri">John Veltri</a></li>

<li><a href="Stan_Waterman" title="Stan Waterman">Stan Waterman</a></li>

<li><a href="Michele_Westmorland" title="Michele Westmorland">Michele Westmorland</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Ernest_Williamson" title="John Ernest Williamson">John Ernest Williamson</a></li>

<li><a href="J._Lamar_Worzel" title="J. Lamar Worzel">J. Lamar Worzel</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Underwater<br>explorers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Caves

<ul><li><a href="Graham_Balcombe" title="Graham Balcombe">Graham Balcombe</a></li>

<li><a href="Sheck_Exley" title="Sheck Exley">Sheck Exley</a></li>

<li><a href="Martyn_Farr" title="Martyn Farr">Martyn Farr</a></li>

<li><a href="Jochen_Hasenmayer" title="Jochen Hasenmayer">Jochen Hasenmayer</a></li>

<li><a href="Jill_Heinerth" title="Jill Heinerth">Jill Heinerth</a></li>

<li><a href="Jarrod_Jablonski" title="Jarrod Jablonski">Jarrod Jablonski</a></li>

<li><a href="Brian_Kakuk" title="Brian Kakuk">Brian Kakuk</a></li>

<li><a href="William_Hogarth_Main" title="William Hogarth Main">William Hogarth Main</a></li>

<li><a href="Tom_Mount" title="Tom Mount">Tom Mount</a></li>

<li><a href="Jack_Sheppard_(cave_diver)" title="Jack Sheppard (cave diver)">Jack Sheppard</a></li>

<li><a href="William_Stone_(caver)" title="William Stone (caver)">Bill Stone</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Reefs

<ul><li><a href="Arthur_C._Clarke" title="Arthur C. Clarke">Arthur C. Clarke</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Wrecks

<ul><li><a href="Leigh_Bishop" title="Leigh Bishop">Leigh Bishop</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Chatterton" title="John Chatterton">John Chatterton</a></li>

<li><a href="Clive_Cussler" title="Clive Cussler">Clive Cussler</a></li>

<li><a href="Bill_Nagle" title="Bill Nagle">Bill Nagle</a></li>

<li><a href="Valerie_van_Heest" title="Valerie van Heest">Valerie van Heest</a></li>

<li><a href="Aristotelis_Zervoudis" title="Aristotelis Zervoudis">Aristotelis Zervoudis</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Aquanaut" title="Aquanaut">Aquanauts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Andrew_Abercromby" title="Andrew Abercromby">Andrew Abercromby</a></li>

<li><a href="Joseph_M._Acaba" title="Joseph M. Acaba">Joseph M. Acaba</a></li>

<li><a href="Clayton_Anderson" title="Clayton Anderson">Clayton Anderson</a></li>

<li><a href="Richard_R._Arnold" title="Richard R. Arnold">Richard R. Arnold</a></li>

<li><a href="Serena_Au%C3%B1%C3%B3n-Chancellor" title="Serena Auñón-Chancellor">Serena Auñón-Chancellor</a></li>

<li><a href="Michael_Barratt_(astronaut)" title="Michael Barratt (astronaut)">Michael Barratt (astronaut)</a></li>

<li><a href="Robert_A._Barth" title="Robert A. Barth">Robert A. Barth</a></li>

<li><a href="Bob_Behnken" title="Bob Behnken">Robert L. Behnken</a></li>

<li><a href="Randolph_Bresnik" title="Randolph Bresnik">Randolph Bresnik</a></li>

<li><a href="Timothy_J._Broderick" title="Timothy J. Broderick">Timothy J. Broderick</a></li>

<li><a href="Justin_Brown_(aquanaut)" title="Justin Brown (aquanaut)">Justin Brown</a></li>

<li><a href="Berry_L._Cannon" title="Berry L. Cannon">Berry L. Cannon</a></li>

<li><a href="Scott_Carpenter" title="Scott Carpenter">Scott Carpenter</a></li>

<li><a href="Gregory_Chamitoff" title="Gregory Chamitoff">Gregory Chamitoff</a></li>

<li><a href="Steve_Chappell" title="Steve Chappell">Steve Chappell</a></li>

<li><a href="Catherine_Coleman" title="Catherine Coleman">Catherine Coleman</a></li>

<li><a href="Robin_Cook_(American_novelist)" title="Robin Cook (American novelist)">Robin Cook</a></li>

<li><a href="Craig_B._Cooper" title="Craig B. Cooper">Craig B. Cooper</a></li>

<li><a href="Fabien_Cousteau" title="Fabien Cousteau">Fabien Cousteau</a></li>

<li><a href="Philippe_Cousteau" title="Philippe Cousteau">Philippe Cousteau</a></li>

<li><a href="Timothy_Creamer" title="Timothy Creamer">Timothy Creamer</a></li>

<li><a href="Jonathan_Dory" title="Jonathan Dory">Jonathan Dory</a></li>

<li><a href="Pedro_Duque" title="Pedro Duque">Pedro Duque</a></li>

<li><a href="Sylvia_Earle" title="Sylvia Earle">Sylvia Earle</a></li>

<li><a href="Jeanette_Epps" title="Jeanette Epps">Jeanette Epps</a></li>

<li><a href="Sheck_Exley" title="Sheck Exley">Sheck Exley</a></li>

<li><a href="Albert_Falco" title="Albert Falco">Albert Falco</a></li>

<li><a href="Andrew_J._Feustel" title="Andrew J. Feustel">Andrew J. Feustel</a></li>

<li><a href="Michael_Fincke" title="Michael Fincke">Michael Fincke</a></li>

<li><a href="Satoshi_Furukawa" title="Satoshi Furukawa">Satoshi Furukawa</a></li>

<li><a href="Ronald_J._Garan_Jr." title="Ronald J. Garan Jr.">Ronald J. Garan Jr.</a></li>

<li><a href="Michael_L._Gernhardt" title="Michael L. Gernhardt">Michael L. Gernhardt</a></li>

<li><a href="Christopher_E._Gerty" title="Christopher E. Gerty">Christopher E. Gerty</a></li>

<li><a href="David_Gruber" title="David Gruber">David Gruber</a></li>

<li><a href="Chris_Hadfield" title="Chris Hadfield">Chris Hadfield</a></li>

<li><a href="Jeremy_Hansen" title="Jeremy Hansen">Jeremy Hansen</a></li>

<li><a href="Jos%C3%A9_M._Hern%C3%A1ndez" title="José M. Hernández">José M. Hernández</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Herrington" title="John Herrington">John Herrington</a></li>

<li><a href="Akihiko_Hoshide" title="Akihiko Hoshide">Akihiko Hoshide</a></li>

<li><a href="Mark_Hulsbeck" title="Mark Hulsbeck">Mark Hulsbeck</a></li>

<li><a href="Emma_Hwang" title="Emma Hwang">Emma Hwang</a></li>

<li><a href="Norishige_Kanai" title="Norishige Kanai">Norishige Kanai</a></li>

<li><a href="Les_Kaufman" title="Les Kaufman">Les Kaufman</a></li>

<li><a href="Scott_Kelly_(astronaut)" title="Scott Kelly (astronaut)">Scott Kelly</a></li>

<li><a href="Karen_Kohanowich" title="Karen Kohanowich">Karen Kohanowich</a></li>

<li><a href="Timothy_Kopra" title="Timothy Kopra">Timothy Kopra</a></li>

<li><a href="Dominic_Landucci" title="Dominic Landucci">Dominic Landucci</a></li>

<li><a href="Jon_Lindbergh" title="Jon Lindbergh">Jon Lindbergh</a></li>

<li><a href="Kjell_N._Lindgren" title="Kjell N. Lindgren">Kjell N. Lindgren</a></li>

<li><a href="Michael_L%C3%B3pez-Alegr%C3%ADa" title="Michael López-Alegría">Michael López-Alegría</a></li>

<li><a href="Joseph_B._MacInnis" title="Joseph B. MacInnis">Joseph B. MacInnis</a></li>

<li><a href="Sandra_Magnus" title="Sandra Magnus">Sandra Magnus</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Marshburn" title="Thomas Marshburn">Thomas Marshburn</a></li>

<li><a href="Matthias_Maurer" title="Matthias Maurer">Matthias Maurer</a></li>

<li><a href="K._Megan_McArthur" title="K. Megan McArthur">K. Megan McArthur</a></li>

<li><a href="Craig_McKinley_(physician)" title="Craig McKinley (physician)">Craig McKinley</a></li>

<li><a href="Jessica_Meir" title="Jessica Meir">Jessica Meir</a></li>

<li><a href="Simone_Melchior" title="Simone Melchior">Simone Melchior</a></li>

<li><a href="Dorothy_Metcalf-Lindenburger" title="Dorothy Metcalf-Lindenburger">Dorothy Metcalf-Lindenburger</a></li>

<li><a href="Andreas_Mogensen" title="Andreas Mogensen">Andreas Mogensen</a></li>

<li><a href="Karen_Nyberg" title="Karen Nyberg">Karen Nyberg</a></li>

<li><a href="John_D._Olivas" title="John D. Olivas">John D. Olivas</a></li>

<li><a href="Takuya_Onishi" title="Takuya Onishi">Takuya Onishi</a></li>

<li><a href="Luca_Parmitano" title="Luca Parmitano">Luca Parmitano</a></li>

<li><a href="Nicholas_Patrick" title="Nicholas Patrick">Nicholas Patrick</a></li>

<li><a href="Tim_Peake" title="Tim Peake">Tim Peake</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Pesquet" title="Thomas Pesquet">Thomas Pesquet</a></li>

<li><a href="Marc_Reagan" title="Marc Reagan">Marc Reagan</a></li>

<li><a href="Garrett_Reisman" title="Garrett Reisman">Garrett Reisman</a></li>

<li><a href="Kathleen_Rubins" title="Kathleen Rubins">Kathleen Rubins</a></li>

<li><a href="Dick_Rutkowski" title="Dick Rutkowski">Dick Rutkowski</a></li>

<li><a href="Tara_Ruttley" title="Tara Ruttley">Tara Ruttley</a></li>

<li><a href="David_Saint-Jacques" title="David Saint-Jacques">David Saint-Jacques</a></li>

<li><a href="Josef_Schmid_(flight_surgeon)" title="Josef Schmid (flight surgeon)">Josef Schmid</a></li>

<li><a href="Robert_Sheats" title="Robert Sheats">Robert Sheats</a></li>

<li><a href="Dewey_Smith" title="Dewey Smith">Dewey Smith</a></li>

<li><a href="Steve_Squyres" title="Steve Squyres">Steve Squyres</a></li>

<li><a href="Heidemarie_Stefanyshyn-Piper" title="Heidemarie Stefanyshyn-Piper">Heidemarie Stefanyshyn-Piper</a></li>

<li><a href="Robert_St%C3%A9nuit" title="Robert Sténuit">Robert Sténuit</a></li>

<li><a href="Herv%C3%A9_Stevenin" title="Hervé Stevenin">Hervé Stevenin</a></li>

<li><a href="Nicole_Stott" title="Nicole Stott">Nicole Stott</a></li>

<li><a href="James_Talacek" title="James Talacek">James Talacek</a></li>

<li><a href="Daniel_M._Tani" title="Daniel M. Tani">Daniel M. Tani</a></li>

<li><a href="Robert_Thirsk" title="Robert Thirsk">Robert Thirsk</a></li>

<li><a href="Mark_T._Vande_Hei" title="Mark T. Vande Hei">Mark T. Vande Hei</a></li>

<li><a href="Koichi_Wakata" title="Koichi Wakata">Koichi Wakata</a></li>

<li><a href="Rex_J._Walheim" title="Rex J. Walheim">Rex J. Walheim</a></li>

<li><a href="Shannon_Walker" title="Shannon Walker">Shannon Walker</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Morgan_Wells" title="John Morgan Wells">John Morgan Wells</a></li>

<li><a href="Joachim_Wendler" title="Joachim Wendler">Joachim Wendler</a></li>

<li><a href="Douglas_H._Wheelock" title="Douglas H. Wheelock">Douglas H. Wheelock</a></li>

<li><a href="Peggy_Whitson" title="Peggy Whitson">Peggy Whitson</a></li>

<li><a href="Dafydd_Williams" title="Dafydd Williams">Dafydd Williams</a></li>

<li><a href="Jeffrey_Williams_(astronaut)" title="Jeffrey Williams (astronaut)">Jeffrey Williams</a></li>

<li><a href="Sunita_Williams" title="Sunita Williams">Sunita Williams</a></li>

<li><a href="Reid_Wiseman" title="Reid Wiseman">Reid Wiseman</a></li>

<li><a href="Kimiya_Yui" title="Kimiya Yui">Kimiya Yui</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writers and journalists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Michael_C._Barnette" title="Michael C. Barnette">Michael C. Barnette</a></li>

<li><a href="Victor_Berge" title="Victor Berge">Victor Berge</a></li>

<li><a href="Philippe_Diol%C3%A9" title="Philippe Diolé">Philippe Diolé</a></li>

<li><a href="Gary_Gentile" title="Gary Gentile">Gary Gentile</a></li>

<li><a href="Bret_Gilliam" title="Bret Gilliam">Bret Gilliam</a></li>

<li><a href="Bob_Halstead" title="Bob Halstead">Bob Halstead</a></li>

<li><a href="Hillary_Hauser" title="Hillary Hauser">Hillary Hauser</a></li>

<li><a href="Trevor_Jackson_(diver)" title="Trevor Jackson (diver)">Trevor Jackson</a></li>

<li><a href="Steve_Lewis_(diver)" title="Steve Lewis (diver)">Steve Lewis</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Mattera" title="John Mattera">John Mattera</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rescuers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Craig_Challen" title="Craig Challen">Craig Challen</a></li>

<li><a href="Richard_Harris_(anaesthetist)" title="Richard Harris (anaesthetist)">Richard Harris</a></li>

<li><a href="Rick_Stanton" title="Rick Stanton">Rick Stanton</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Volanthen" title="John Volanthen">John Volanthen</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Frogmen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Lionel_Crabb" title="Lionel Crabb">Lionel Crabb</a></li>

<li><a href="Ian_Edward_Fraser" title="Ian Edward Fraser">Ian Edward Fraser</a></li>

<li><a href="Sydney_Knowles" title="Sydney Knowles">Sydney Knowles</a></li>

<li><a href="James_Joseph_Magennis" title="James Joseph Magennis">James Joseph Magennis</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commercial salvors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Keith_Jessop" title="Keith Jessop">Keith Jessop</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Science_of_underwater_diving1383" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Science_of_underwater_diving" title="Science of underwater diving">Science of underwater diving</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_researchers_in_underwater_diving" title="List of researchers in underwater diving">List of researchers in underwater diving</a></li></ul>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Diving_physics" title="Diving physics">Diving<br>physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Metre_sea_water" title="Metre sea water">Metre sea water</a></li>

<li><a href="Neutral_buoyancy" title="Neutral buoyancy">Neutral buoyancy</a></li>

<li><a href="Underwater_acoustics" title="Underwater acoustics">Underwater acoustics</a>

<ul><li><a href="Modulated_ultrasound" title="Modulated ultrasound">Modulated ultrasound</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Underwater_vision" title="Underwater vision">Underwater vision</a>

<ul><li><a href="Underwater_computer_vision" title="Underwater computer vision">Underwater computer vision</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Diving_physiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving physiology">Diving<br>physiology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Diving_reflex#Blood_shift" title="Diving reflex">Blood shift</a></li>

<li><a href="Cold_shock_response" title="Cold shock response">Cold shock response</a></li>

<li><a href="Diving_reflex" title="Diving reflex">Diving reflex</a></li>

<li><a href="Equivalent_narcotic_depth" title="Equivalent narcotic depth">Equivalent narcotic depth</a></li>

<li><a href="Maximum_operating_depth" title="Maximum operating depth">Maximum operating depth</a></li>

<li><a href="Physiological_response_to_water_immersion" class="mw-redirect" title="Physiological response to water immersion">Physiological response to water immersion</a></li>

<li><a href="Thermal_balance_of_the_underwater_diver" title="Thermal balance of the underwater diver">Thermal balance of the underwater diver</a></li>

<li><a href="Underwater_vision" title="Underwater vision">Underwater vision</a></li>

<li><a href="Work_of_breathing" title="Work of breathing">Work of breathing</a></li></ul>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Decompressiontheory50" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Decompression_theory" title="Decompression theory">Decompression<br>theory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Decompression models:

<ul><li><a href="B%C3%BChlmann_decompression_algorithm" title="Bühlmann decompression algorithm">Bühlmann decompression algorithm</a></li>

<li><a href="Haldane's_decompression_model" title="Haldane's decompression model">Haldane's decompression model</a></li>

<li><a href="Reduced_gradient_bubble_model" title="Reduced gradient bubble model">Reduced gradient bubble model</a></li>

<li><a href="Thalmann_algorithm" title="Thalmann algorithm">Thalmann algorithm</a></li>

<li><a href="Thermodynamic_model_of_decompression" title="Thermodynamic model of decompression">Thermodynamic model of decompression</a></li>

<li><a href="Varying_Permeability_Model" title="Varying Permeability Model">Varying Permeability Model</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Equivalent_air_depth" title="Equivalent air depth">Equivalent air depth</a></li>

<li><a href="Oxygen_window" title="Oxygen window">Oxygen window</a></li>

<li><a href="Physiology_of_decompression" title="Physiology of decompression">Physiology of decompression</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Underwater_diving_environment" title="Underwater diving environment">Diving<br>environments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Underwater_exploration" title="Underwater exploration">Underwater exploration</a>

<ul><li><a href="Deep-sea_exploration" title="Deep-sea exploration">Deep-sea exploration</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_diving_environments_by_type" title="List of diving environments by type">List of diving environments by type</a></li>

<li><a href="Altitude_diving" title="Altitude diving">Altitude diving</a></li>

<li><a href="Benign_water_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Benign water diving">Benign water diving</a></li>

<li><a href="Confined_water_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Confined water diving">Confined water diving</a></li>

<li><a href="Deep_diving" title="Deep diving">Deep diving</a></li>

<li><a href="Inland_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Inland diving">Inland diving</a></li>

<li><a href="Inshore_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Inshore diving">Inshore diving</a></li>

<li><a href="Muck_diving" title="Muck diving">Muck diving</a></li>

<li><a href="Night_diving" title="Night diving">Night diving</a></li>

<li><a href="Open-water_diving" title="Open-water diving">Open-water diving</a>

<ul><li><a href="Black-water_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Black-water diving">Black-water diving</a></li>

<li><a href="Blue-water_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue-water diving">Blue-water diving</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Penetration_diving" title="Penetration diving">Penetration diving</a>

<ul><li><a href="Cave_diving" title="Cave diving">Cave diving</a>

<ul><li><a href="Torricellian_chamber" title="Torricellian chamber">Torricellian chamber</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Ice_diving" title="Ice diving">Ice diving</a></li>

<li><a href="Wreck_diving" title="Wreck diving">Wreck diving</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Recreational_dive_sites" title="Recreational dive sites">Recreational dive sites</a></li>

<li><a href="Underwater_environment" title="Underwater environment">Underwater environment</a></li>

<li><a href="Underwater_diving_environment" title="Underwater diving environment">Underwater diving environment</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Impact</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Environmental_impact_of_recreational_diving" title="Environmental impact of recreational diving">Environmental impact of recreational diving</a></li>

<li><a href="Low_impact_diving" title="Low impact diving">Low impact diving</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

<ul><li><a href="Bathysphere" title="Bathysphere">Bathysphere</a></li>

<li><a href="Defense_against_swimmer_incursions" title="Defense against swimmer incursions">Defense against swimmer incursions</a>

<ul><li><a href="Diver_detection_sonar" title="Diver detection sonar">Diver detection sonar</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Offshore_survey" class="mw-redirect" title="Offshore survey">Offshore survey</a></li>

<li><a href="Rugged_compact_camera" class="mw-redirect" title="Rugged compact camera">Rugged compact camera</a></li>

<li><a href="Underwater_domain_awareness" title="Underwater domain awareness">Underwater domain awareness</a></li>

<li><a href="Underwater_vehicle" title="Underwater vehicle">Underwater vehicle</a></li></ul>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Deep-submergence_vehicle" title="Deep-submergence vehicle">Deep-submergence<br>vehicle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Aluminaut" title="Aluminaut"><i>Aluminaut</i></a></li>

<li><a href="DSV_Alvin" title="DSV Alvin">DSV <i>Alvin</i></a></li>

<li><a href="American_submarine_NR-1" title="American submarine NR-1">American submarine NR-1</a></li>

<li><a href="Bathyscaphe" title="Bathyscaphe">Bathyscaphe</a>

<ul><li><a href="Archim%C3%A8de" title="Archimède"><i>Archimède</i></a></li>

<li><a href="Sea_Pole-class_bathyscaphe#Harmony_class_bathyscaphe" title="Sea Pole-class bathyscaphe"><i>Harmony</i> class bathyscaphe</a></li>

<li><a href="Sea_Pole-class_bathyscaphe" title="Sea Pole-class bathyscaphe"><i>Sea Pole</i>-class bathyscaphe</a></li>

<li><a href="Bathyscaphe_Trieste_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Bathyscaphe Trieste II"><i>Trieste II</i></a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Deepsea_Challenger" title="Deepsea Challenger"><i>Deepsea Challenger</i></a></li>

<li><a href="Ictineu_3" title="Ictineu 3"><i>Ictineu 3</i></a></li>

<li><a href="Jiaolong_(submersible)" title="Jiaolong (submersible)"><i>Jiaolong</i></a></li>

<li><a href="Konsul-class_submersible" title="Konsul-class submersible"><i>Konsul</i>-class submersible</a></li>

<li><a href="DSV_Limiting_Factor" title="DSV Limiting Factor"><i>Limiting Factor</i></a></li>

<li><a href="Russian_submarine_Losharik" title="Russian submarine Losharik">Russian submarine <i>Losharik</i></a></li>

<li><a href="Nautile" title="Nautile"><i>Nautile</i></a></li>

<li><a href="Pisces-class_deep_submergence_vehicle" title="Pisces-class deep submergence vehicle"><i>Pisces</i>-class deep submergence vehicle</a></li>

<li><a href="DSV_Sea_Cliff" title="DSV Sea Cliff">DSV <i>Sea Cliff</i></a></li>

<li><a href="DSV_Shinkai" title="DSV Shinkai">DSV <i>Shinkai</i></a></li>

<li><a href="DSV_Shinkai_2000" title="DSV Shinkai 2000">DSV <i>Shinkai 2000</i></a></li>

<li><a href="DSV_Shinkai_6500" title="DSV Shinkai 6500">DSV <i>Shinkai 6500</i></a></li>

<li><a href="DSV_Turtle" title="DSV Turtle">DSV <i>Turtle</i></a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Submarine_rescue" title="Submarine rescue">Submarine rescue</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="International_Submarine_Escape_and_Rescue_Liaison_Office" title="International Submarine Escape and Rescue Liaison Office">International Submarine Escape and Rescue Liaison Office</a></li>

<li><a href="Submarine_Escape_and_Rescue_system_(Royal_Swedish_Navy)" title="Submarine Escape and Rescue system (Royal Swedish Navy)">Submarine Escape and Rescue system (Royal Swedish Navy)</a></li>

<li><a href="McCann_Rescue_Chamber" title="McCann Rescue Chamber">McCann Rescue Chamber</a></li>

<li><a href="Submarine_rescue_ship" title="Submarine rescue ship">Submarine rescue ship</a></li></ul>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Deep-submergencerescue_vehicle72" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Deep-submergence_rescue_vehicle" title="Deep-submergence rescue vehicle">Deep-submergence<br>rescue vehicle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Mystic-class_deep-submergence_rescue_vehicle" title="Mystic-class deep-submergence rescue vehicle"><i>Mystic</i>-class deep-submergence rescue vehicle</a>

<ul><li><a href="DSRV-1_Mystic" title="DSRV-1 Mystic">DSRV-1 <i>Mystic</i></a></li>

<li><a href="DSRV-2_Avalon" title="DSRV-2 Avalon">DSRV-2 <i>Avalon</i></a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="NATO_Submarine_Rescue_System" title="NATO Submarine Rescue System">NATO Submarine Rescue System</a></li>

<li><a href="Priz-class_deep-submergence_rescue_vehicle" title="Priz-class deep-submergence rescue vehicle"><i>Priz</i>-class deep-submergence rescue vehicle</a>

<ul><li><a href="Russian_deep_submergence_rescue_vehicle_AS-28" title="Russian deep submergence rescue vehicle AS-28">Russian deep submergence rescue vehicle AS-28</a></li>

<li><a href="Russian_submarine_AS-34" title="Russian submarine AS-34">Russian submarine AS-34</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="ASRV_Remora" class="mw-redirect" title="ASRV Remora">ASRV <i>Remora</i></a></li>

<li><a href="Submarine_Rescue_Diving_Recompression_System" title="Submarine Rescue Diving Recompression System">Submarine Rescue Diving Recompression System</a></li>

<li><a href="URF_(Swedish_Navy)" title="URF (Swedish Navy)">URF (Swedish Navy)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Submarine escape</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Escape_trunk" title="Escape trunk">Escape trunk</a></li>

<li><a href="Submarine_escape_training_facility" title="Submarine escape training facility">Submarine escape training facility</a></li>

<li><a href="Submarine_Escape_Training_Facility_(Australia)" title="Submarine Escape Training Facility (Australia)">Submarine Escape Training Facility (Australia)</a></li></ul>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Escape_set14" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Escape_set" class="mw-redirect" title="Escape set">Escape set</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Davis_Submerged_Escape_Apparatus" title="Davis Submerged Escape Apparatus">Davis Submerged Escape Apparatus</a></li>

<li><a href="Momsen_lung" title="Momsen lung">Momsen lung</a></li>

<li><a href="Steinke_hood" title="Steinke hood">Steinke hood</a></li>

<li><a href="Submarine_Escape_Immersion_Equipment" title="Submarine Escape Immersion Equipment">Submarine Escape Immersion Equipment</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Special<br>interest<br>groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Artificial_Reef_Society_of_British_Columbia" title="Artificial Reef Society of British Columbia">Artificial Reef Society of British Columbia</a></li>

<li><a href="CMAS_Europe" title="CMAS Europe">CMAS Europe</a></li>

<li><a href="Coral_Reef_Alliance" title="Coral Reef Alliance">Coral Reef Alliance</a></li>

<li><a href="Divers_Alert_Network" title="Divers Alert Network">Divers Alert Network</a></li>

<li><a href="Green_Fins" title="Green Fins">Green Fins</a></li>

<li><a href="Finger_Lakes_Underwater_Preserve_Association" title="Finger Lakes Underwater Preserve Association">Finger Lakes Underwater Preserve Association</a></li>

<li><a href="Karst_Underwater_Research" title="Karst Underwater Research">Karst Underwater Research</a></li>

<li><a href="Nautical_Archaeology_Program" title="Nautical Archaeology Program">Nautical Archaeology Program</a></li>

<li><a href="Nautical_Archaeology_Society" title="Nautical Archaeology Society">Nautical Archaeology Society</a></li>

<li><a href="Naval_Air_Command_Sub_Aqua_Club" title="Naval Air Command Sub Aqua Club">Naval Air Command Sub Aqua Club</a></li>

<li><a href="PADI_AWARE" class="mw-redirect" title="PADI AWARE">PADI AWARE</a></li>

<li><a href="Reef_Check" title="Reef Check">Reef Check</a></li>

<li><a href="Reef_Life_Survey" title="Reef Life Survey">Reef Life Survey</a></li>

<li><a href="Rubicon_Foundation" title="Rubicon Foundation">Rubicon Foundation</a></li>

<li><a href="Save_Ontario_Shipwrecks" title="Save Ontario Shipwrecks">Save Ontario Shipwrecks</a></li>

<li><a href="SeaKeys" title="SeaKeys">SeaKeys</a></li>

<li><a href="Sea_Research_Society" title="Sea Research Society">Sea Research Society</a></li>

<li><a href="Society_for_Underwater_Historical_Research" title="Society for Underwater Historical Research">Society for Underwater Historical Research</a></li>

<li><a href="Society_for_Underwater_Technology" title="Society for Underwater Technology">Society for Underwater Technology</a></li>

<li><a href="Underwater_Archaeology_Branch%2C_Naval_History_%26_Heritage_Command" title="Underwater Archaeology Branch, Naval History & Heritage Command">Underwater Archaeology Branch, Naval History & Heritage Command</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Neutral buoyancy<br>facilities for<br>Astronaut training</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Neutral_Buoyancy_Laboratory" title="Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory">Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory</a></li>

<li><a href="Neutral_buoyancy_pool" title="Neutral buoyancy pool">Neutral buoyancy pool</a></li>

<li><a href="Neutral_buoyancy_simulation_as_a_training_aid" title="Neutral buoyancy simulation as a training aid">Neutral buoyancy simulation as a training aid</a></li>

<li><a href="Neutral_Buoyancy_Simulator" title="Neutral Buoyancy Simulator">Neutral Buoyancy Simulator</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_Systems_Laboratory_(Maryland)" title="Space Systems Laboratory (Maryland)">Space Systems Laboratory</a></li>

<li><a href="Yuri_Gagarin_Cosmonaut_Training_Center" title="Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center">Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Nautilus_Productions" title="Nautilus Productions">Nautilus Productions</a></li>

<li><a href="Helicopter_Aircrew_Breathing_Device" title="Helicopter Aircrew Breathing Device">Helicopter Aircrew Breathing Device</a></li>

<li><a href="Scuba_diving_therapy" title="Scuba diving therapy">Scuba diving therapy</a></li>

<li><a href="Seabed_mining" title="Seabed mining">Seabed mining</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> <b>Category</b></li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Underwater_diving" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Underwater diving">Commons</a></b></li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"></span></span> <b><a href="Glossary_of_underwater_diving_terminology" title="Glossary of underwater diving terminology">Glossary</a></b></li>

<li><b>Indexes: <a href="Index_of_recreational_dive_sites" title="Index of recreational dive sites">Dive sites</a></b></li>

<li><b><a href="Index_of_underwater_divers" title="Index of underwater divers">Divers</a></b></li>

<li><b><a href="Index_of_underwater_diving" title="Index of underwater diving">Diving</a></b></li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"></span></span> <b><a href="Outline_of_underwater_diving" title="Outline of underwater diving">Outline</a></b></li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> <b><a href="Portal%3AUnderwater_diving" title="Portal:Underwater diving">Portal</a></b></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11068#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1713" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11068#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1713" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh99004797">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Appareil cardiovasculaire"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11934858z">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Appareil cardiovasculaire"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11934858z">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00575112">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="kardiovaskulární systém"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph121472&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Aparato circulatorio"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX525158">Spain</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007539765505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/concept/9e609bce-4eca-49cb-b9bc-0481e0552a0c">Yale LUX</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-08-03" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Circulatory_system&oldid=1304085533">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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